For some time now councils with social services responsibilities (CSSRs) have been required to conduct surveys of user’s experience of social services. These have taken place nationally in three-yearly cycles. In 2002/03 the survey was for older people, in 2003/04 it was for younger adults with physical and sensory impairments, and in 2004/05 it was for children. 2005/06 marked the beginning of the second wave of the cycle. The mandate for conducting surveys of user’s experiences and satisfaction with services was first given in the white paper Modern Local Government: in Touch with the People (Department for the Environment, Trade and the Regions, 1998). In 2002 the Office of National Statistics (ONS) and SPRU developed a set of questionnaires for this purpose (Qureshi and Rowlands, 2004). Subsequent national surveys have drawn on this work to identify a set of compulsory questions for each round. User experience surveys (UESs) are regarded as an important part of the overall performance framework for social care and, providing councils with information about how they might improve services locally. Local authorities are required to submit their results to government bodies so that the relative performance of the CSSRs can be judged. This report is composed of five sections. The aims and objectives of the report are outlined in the second section and the method used to gather the data is outlined in section 3. In section 4 we report on the findings from the fieldwork and draw some conclusions and recommendations for the national survey in section 5. The topic guides for the focus groups and interviews are included in the appendices along with a brief discussion of the findings from the focus groups and a copy of the final extended questionnaire.

Younger Adults' Understanding of Questions for a Service User Experience Survey. Funded/commissioned by: The Health and Social Care Information Centre

Objective: In this paper, we review the epidemiological evidence on the relationship between ambient temperature and morbidity. We assessed the methodological issues in previous studies and propose...

Ambient temperature and morbidity: a review of epidemiological evidence.

Recent progress on urban overheating and heat island research. integrated assessment of the energy, environmental, vulnerability and health impact synergies with the global climate change

This study examined the association between mean daily apparent temperature and hospital admissions for several diseases in nine California counties from May to September, 1999 to 2005. We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study limited to cases with residential zip codes located within 10 km of a temperature monitor. County-specific estimates were combined, using a random effects meta-analysis. The analyses also considered the effects of ozone and particulate matter (PM2.5). We found that a 10°F increase in mean apparent temperature was associated with a 3.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–5.6] increase in ischemic stroke and increases in several other disease-specific outcomes including all respiratory diseases (2.0%, 95% CI 0.7–3.2), pneumonia (3.7%, 95% CI 1.7–3.7), dehydration (10.8%, 95% CI 8.3–13.6), diabetes (3.1%, 95% CI 0.4–5.9), and acute renal failure (7.4%, 95% CI 4.0–10.9). There was little evidence that the temperature effects we found were due to confounding by either PM2.5 or ozone. Our results indicate that increases in ambient temperature have important public health impacts on morbidity.

The effect of temperature on hospital admissions in nine california counties

Ambient temperature and risk of cardiovascular hospitalization: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

Many COPD sufferers find that their symptoms become worse during colder weather, which can lead to an exacerbation resulting in hospital admission. This study investigates different measures of cold, assessing which most strongly relate to COPD admissions and whether they can be used to forecast risk of exacerbation. COPD admissions (ICD10 J40–J44) for the five Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs) in London and corresponding meteorological data were extracted for October–March 1997–2003. Correlations and regressions were used to compare the effects on admissions of: daily mean, maximum and minimum temperature; significant drops in temperature; weekly average maximum temperature; “cumulative cold”, summing the number of degrees the daily maximum temperature was below a threshold across a week; different windchill indices. All measures of cold showed significant negative correlations with COPD admissions. Daily relationships were weaker than weekly ones (R =  −0.19, p Cold measures explain sufficient variation in COPD hospital admissions to be used in a forecast model of risk of exacerbation. The Met Office uses such a model in a health forecasting and anticipatory care service in England.

https://err.ersjournals.com/content/errev/15/101/185.full.pdf

How different measures of cold weather affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospital admissions in London

Stratification of COPD patients by previous admission for targeting of preventative care

Background – We combined a large clinical stroke registry with the UK Met Office database to assess the association between meteorological variables and specific clinical subtypes of acute stroke.

Methods –  We used negative binomial regression and Poisson regression techniques to explore the effect of meteorological values to hospital with acute stroke. Differential effects of atmospheric conditions upon stroke subtypes were also investigated.

Results –  Data from 6389 patients with acute stroke were examined. The mean age (SD) was 71.2 (13.0) years. About 5723 (90%) patients suffered ischaemic stroke of which 1943 (34%) were lacunar. Six hundred and sixty-six patients (10%) had haemorrhagic stroke. Every 1°C increase in mean temperature during the preceding 24 h was associated with a 2.1% increase in ischaemic stroke admissions (P = 0.004). A fall in atmospheric pressure over the preceding 48 h was associated with increased rate of haemorrhagic stroke admissions (P = 0.045). Higher maximum daily temperature gave a greater increase in lacunar stroke admissions than in other ischaemic strokes (P = 0.035).

Conclusion –  We report a measurable effect of atmospheric conditions upon stroke incidence in a temperate climate.

Associations between meteorological variables and acute stroke hospital admissions in the west of Scotland

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How different measures of cold weather affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospital admissions in London

Stratification of COPD patients by previous admission for targeting of preventative care

Associations between meteorological variables and acute stroke hospital admissions in the west of Scotland