Potatoes, members of the Solanaceae plant family, serve as a major, inexpensive food source for both energy (starch) and good-quality protein, with worldwide production of about 350 million tons per year. U.S. per capita consumption of potatoes is about 61 kg/year. Potatoes also produce potentially toxic glycoalkaloids, both during growth and after harvest. Glycoalkaloids appear to be more toxic to man than to other animals. The toxicity may be due to anticholinesterase activity of the glycoalkaloids on the central nervous system and to disruptions of cell membranes affecting the digestive system and other organs. The possible contribution of glycoalkaloids to the multifactorial aspects of teratogenicity is inconclusive. Possible safe levels are controversial; guidelines limiting glycoalkaloid content of potato cultivars are currently being debated. This review presents an integrated, critical assessment of the multifaceted aspects of the role glycoalkaloids play in nutrition and food safety; che...

Potato glycoalkaloids: chemistry, analysis, safety, and plant physiology

Potatoes, tomatoes, and aubergines are all species of the Solanum genus and contain a vast array of secondary metabolites including calystegine alkaloids, phenolic compounds, lectins, and glycoalkaloids. Glycoalkaloids have been the subject of many literature papers, occur widely in the human diet, and are known to induce toxicity. Therefore, from a food safety perspective further information is required regarding their analysis, toxicity, and bioavailability. This is especially important in crop cultivars derived from wild species to prevent glycoalkaloid-induced toxicity. A comprehensive review of the bioactivity of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones of the Solanum species, particularly focused on comparison of their bioactivities including their anticancer, anticholesterol, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic effects, toxicity, and synergism of action of the principal Solanum glycoalkaloids, correlated to differences of their individual molecular structures is presented.

Bioactivities of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones from Solanum species.

Six varieties of Solanum tuberosum L potato grown in the Bolivian highlands under drought stress, with and without irrigation, were analysed for their content of glycoalkaloids (GAs). The plant material consisted of three drought-tolerant varieties from a local breeding progranune (PROINPA), Potosina, Chapaquita and Pampena, and three control cultivated varieties, Malcacho, Sani Imilla and Desiree, either susceptible or relatively tolerant to drought, alpha -Solanine and alpha -chaconine were quantified in both the peel and flesh of the tubers. A significant increase in GA concentration (alpha -solanine+alpha -chaconine) was observed under drought stress conditions in most varieties; average concentration increases of 43 and 50% were registered in the improved and control cultivars respectively. In all tested cultivars, however, the GA concentration remained lower than the recommended food safety level (200 mg kg(-1) fresh tubers). It ranged from 52.4 to 100 mg kg(-1) fresh tubers in the improved cultivars and from 55.6 to 122.3 mg kg(-1) fresh tubers in the controls. In the improved and control varieties the cu-solanine content averaged 42.6 and 35.4% of the total potato GAs respectively and was not significantly affected by drought stress, except in Desiree. In all conditions the peel contained the greatest proportion of total GAs. The hybrid variety Pampeiia (new drought-tolerant variety) contained the lowest amounts of GAs, which were lower than those of the control varieties, with and without irrigation. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.

Glycoalkaloids in potato tubers: the effect of variety and drought stress on the α‐solanine and α‐chaconine contents of potatoes

The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of glycoalkaloids (GAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment covers edible parts of potato plants and other food plants containing GAs, in particular, tomato and aubergine. In humans, acute toxic effects of potato GAs (α-solanine and α-chaconine) include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. For these effects, the CONTAM Panel identified a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 1 mg total potato GAs/kg body weight (bw) per day as a reference point for the risk characterisation following acute exposure. In humans, no evidence of health problems associated with repeated or long-term intake of GAs via potatoes has been identified. No reference point for chronic exposure could be identified from the experimental animal studies. Occurrence data were available only for α-solanine and α-chaconine, mostly for potatoes. The acute dietary exposure to potato GAs was estimated using a probabilistic approach and applying processing factors for food. Due to the limited data available, a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. The MOEs for the younger age groups indicate a health concern for the food consumption surveys with the highest mean exposure, as well as for the P95 exposure in all surveys. For adult age groups, the MOEs indicate a health concern only for the food consumption surveys with the highest P95 exposures. For tomato and aubergine GAs, the risk to human health could not be characterised due to the lack of occurrence data and the limited toxicity data. For horses, farm and companion animals, no risk characterisation for potato GAs could be performed due to insufficient data on occurrence in feed and on potential adverse effects of GAs in these species.

Risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed and food, in particular in potatoes and potato‐derived products

An improved high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of the potato glycoalkaloids, α-solanine and α-chaconine, is described. The glycoalkaloids were extracted with aqueous acetic acid, concentrated, and cleaned up by solid phase extraction using C18 cartridge columns and separated using a reverse phase C18 HPLC column. Recoveries averaged 93% ± 1.3 for α-solanine and 99% ± 3.1 for α-chaconine. Comparisons were made at each step with existing published methods. We conclude that trifunctional endcapped C18 SPE cartridges were more reliable than traditional monofunctional non-endcapped cartridges and that low carbon load C18 HPLC columns provided an improved separation of glycoalkaloids when compared to columns with a high carbon loading. An acidic extraction medium excluding organic solvents is recommended. Keywords: α-Chaconine; glycoalkaloids; HPLC; potato; α-solanine; Solanum tuberosum

Improved High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Analysis of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Glycoalkaloids

Samples of Swedish domestic early potatoes were collected from whole-salers and analysed for their content of glycoalkaloids (GA), α-solanine and α-chaconine, using a modified HPLC procedure. The varieties included were, in order of increasing GA content; Maris Bard, Ukama, Provita, Evergood Eldorado, Maria, Early Puritan, Silla and Ulster Chieftain. The average total GA content (α-solanine and α-chaconine combined) for the different varieties ranged from 51 to 221 mg kg -1 fresh weight. α-Solanine constituted on average between 35 and 41% of the GA detected. The GA concentrations in individual samples were in the range 31-344 mg kg -1 . The variety Ulster Chieftain accounted for 88% of the samples above 200 mg kg -1 . The results obtained with tubers grown experimentally in field trials in two different years were consistent with the findings for commercially grown potatoes in terms of GA content rank among varieties

Glycoalkaloid content of early potato varieties

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Glycoalkaloid content of early potato varieties