In this paper we analyse the well known Needham-Schroeder Public-Key Protocol using FDR, a refinement checker for CSP. We use FDR to discover an attack upon the protocol, which allows an intruder to impersonate another agent. We adapt the protocol, and then use FDR to show that the new protocol is secure, at least for a small system. Finally we prove a result which tells us that if this small system is secure, then so is a system of arbitrary size.

Breaking and Fixing the Needham−Schroeder Public−Key Protocol Using FDR

/pdf/breaking-and-fixing-the-needham-schroeder-public-key-23k9npesym.pdf

Breaking and Fixing the Needham-Schroeder Public-Key Protocol Using FDR

Protocols for authentication and key establishment are the foundation for security of communications. The range and diversity of these protocols is immense, while the properties and vulnerabilities of different protocols can vary greatly.This is the first comprehensive and integrated treatment of these protocols. It allows researchers and practitioners to quickly access a protocol for their needs and become aware of existing protocols which have been broken in the literature.As well as a clear and uniform presentation of the protocols this book includes a description of all the main attack types and classifies most protocols in terms of their properties and resource requirements. It also includes tutorial material suitable for graduate students.

Protocols for Authentication and Key Establishment

Many cryptographic schemes and protocols, especially those based on public-keycryptography, have basic or so-called "textbook crypto" versions, as these versionsare usually the subjects for many textbooks on cryptography This book takes adifferent approach to introducing cryptography: it pays much more attention tofit-for-application aspects of cryptography It explains why "textbook crypto" isonly good in an ideal world where data are random and bad guys behave nicelyIt reveals the general unfitness of "textbook crypto" for the real world by demonstratingnumerous attacks on such schemes, protocols and systems under variousreal-world application scenarios This book chooses to introduce a set of practicalcryptographic schemes, protocols and systems, many of them standards or de factoones, studies them closely, explains their working principles, discusses their practicalusages, and examines their strong (ie, fit-for-application) security properties, oftenwith security evidence formally established The book also includes self-containedtheoretical background material that is the foundation for modern cryptography

Modern Cryptography: Theory and Practice

A survey is given of the variations on the choice and the usage of freshness identifiers, and the various forms of replay attack. Besides helping to clarify the important concepts of freshness and replay, this exercise demonstrates the potential complexity in devising formal methods to analyze cryptographic protocols. >

Variations on the themes of message freshness and replay-or the difficulty in devising formal methods to analyze cryptographic protocols

It is shown that some well known cryptographic protocols for authentication are insecure if the underlying cryptographic algorithm does not avoid certain special features. Explicit assumptions based on the fundamental properties of cryptographic transformations are recommended as a basis for cryptographic protocol design. It is shown how these properties may be used to design alternative forms of the protocols analysed.

Hidden assumptions in cryptographic protocols

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Hidden assumptions in cryptographic protocols