Acceleration of energetic particles by whistler waves in active space experiment with charged particle beams injection

The emission and collection of current from satellites or rockets in the ionosphere is a process which, at equilibrium, requires a balance between inward and outward currents In most active experiments in the ionosphere and magnetosphere, the emitted current exceeds the integrated thermal current by one or more orders of magnitude The system response is typically for the emitted current to be limited by processes such as differential charging of insulating surfaces, interactions between an emitted beam and the local plasma, and interactions between the beam and local neutral gas These current limiting mechanisms have been illustrated for 20 years in sounding rocket and satellite experiments, which are reviewed here Detailed presentations of the Spacecraft Charging at High Altitude (SCATHA) electron and ion gun experiments are used to demonstrate the general range of observed phenomena

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Current limiting mechanisms in electron and ion beams experiments

Injections of nonrelativistic electron beams from an infinite conductor have been simulated by using a two-dimensional electrostatic particle code to study the spacecraft charging potential. The simulations show that the conductor charging potential at the end of simulations does not vary with the beam density when the beam density exceeds four times the ambient density. The reflection coefficient, which determines a percentage of incident electrons reflected by the conductor, increases the charging potential. To charge the conductor to the beam energy, the reflection coefficient needs to be about 0.5. The results are applied to explain the spacecraft charging potential measured during the SEPAC (Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators) experiments from Spacelab 1. >

Spacecraft charging potential during electron-beam injections into space plasmas

The Active Plasma Experiment (APEX) uses intensive electron beam emission for the study of dynamic processes in the magnetosphere and upper ionosphere. The beam energy and current is as high as 8 keV and 100 mA and the pitch angle of the emission varies in the range from 50° to 80°. The basic cycle of electron injection is formed by current pulses of different duration, intensity and frequency. The spacecraft potential is balanced by a low energy xenon plasma generator during the electron beam injection. The response of the environment is studied by the PEAS charged particle spectrometer working in the energy range 0.1-25 keV. The common response to the beam emission is the increase of the intensity ofthe registered electrons with energy less than 2 keV. Under some circumstances (the satellite position, the injector regime, the beam direction with respect to the magnetic field etc.), strong electron fluxes of the order of 10 7 cm -2 sec -1 keV -1 have been observed. The energy of these fluxes is in general a rising function of the mean current ofthe emitted beam but never exceeds the beam energy. The energy-angular distribution exhibits a complicated structure with the maximum energy located at the pitch angle which corresponds to that of the emitted electron beam.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgg1949/48/1/48_1_57/_pdf

Charged Particle Behaviour during the Active Phase of the APEX Experiment.

Injections from an electron beam that was part of the PICPAB (phenomena induced by charged particle beams) experiment were observed by the SEPAC (space experiments with particle accelerators) plasma diagnostic package. In particular, extremely-low-frequency (ELF) oscillations from 150 to 200 Hz were seen in the SEPAC Langmuir probe current. The strongest oscillations occurred when the ambient pressure was augmented by neutral gas releases from the SEPAC plasma accelerator (the magnetoplasma dynamic arcjet, or MPD). >

Further studies of ELE oscillations during electron-beam firings on Spacelab 1

An unusual signature of return current and spacecraft charging potential was observed during the Spacelab 1 mission launched on November 28, 1983. The phenomenon occurred during neutral gas releases from the SEPAC (Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators) magnetoplasma-dynamic arcjet (MPD) concurrent with firings of the PICPAB (Phenomena Induced by Charged Particle Beams) electron gun and was recorded by the instruments of the SEPAC diagnostic package (DGP). Data from the langmuir probe, floating probes, neutral gas pressure gauge, and the plasma wave probes are reported. As the dense neutral gas was released, the return current measured by the langmuir probe changed from positive to negative and a positive potential relative to the spacecraft was measured by the floating probe. The anomalous return current is believed to be attributable to secondary electron fluxes escaping from the spacecraft, and the unusual charging situation is attributed to the formation of a double-layer structure between a hot plasma cloud localized to the MPD and the spacecraft. The charging scenario is supported by a computer simulation.

Spacelab 1 experiments on interactions of an energetic electron beam with neutral gas

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Spacelab 1 experiments on interactions of an energetic electron beam with neutral gas