In this research, the antagonistic potential of native Trichoderma harzianum isolates toward important strawberry pathogen Verticllium dahliae was studied. For this purpose, fungi were isolated from the rhizosphere and soil from five different strawberry production sites in Estonia over two growing seasons and were investigated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. T. harzianum colonies were recovered using a selective medium after 12 days and confirmed through species-specific primers. In the laboratory, although all isolates of Trichoderma produced volatile and non-volatile metabolites, seven isolates which had the strongest inhibitory effects on mycelial growth of pathogen were selected for greenhouse assays. In the greenhouse, the disease severity was measured in a split plot treatment design with seven antagonist isolates applied to the two main treatment factors (soil and root), in which all levels of each factor were used in combination with all other factor levels. The result of greenhouse experiments showed that there was no significant difference among T. harzianum treatments but, among selected T. harzianum isolates, TU79 was the most effective isolate for inhibiting the effects of strawberry Verticillium wilt. In the cross-interaction between the antagonist isolates and their treatments, the minimum disease severity was significantly recorded when both soil and roots were treated with TU79 isolate. However, there was no statistically significant difference when this isolate was applied to the soil alone. The results of this study demonstrated that native T. harzianum isolates collected from Estonian fields have potential biocontrol ability so that they may be extensively used to control Verticillium wilt in strawberry nurseries.

/pdf/screening-of-native-trichoderma-harzianum-isolates-for-their-3dfgy76tix.pdf

Screening of native Trichoderma harzianum isolates for their ability to control Verticillium wilt of strawberry.

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. was widespread in recent years and resulted in great damage to strawberry production. Soil microbial communities were key contributors to host nutrition, development, and immunity; however, the difference between the microbial communities of healthy and anthracnose-infected strawberry rhizosphere soils remains unclear. In this study, the Illumina sequencing technique was used to comparatively study the prokaryotic and fungal community compositions and structures between healthy and anthracnose-infected strawberry rhizosphere soils in Yuxi, Yunnan Province. Both microbial community diversities and richness of anthracnose-infected strawberry rhizosphere soils were higher than those of healthy strawberry rhizosphere soils. A total of 2,518 prokaryotic and 556 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained at the 97% similarity threshold. Proteobacteria, Thaumarchaeota, and Acidobacteria were the dominant prokaryotic phyla; Ascomycota, unclassified_k__Fungi, and Mortierellomycota were the dominant fungal phyla. The relative abundances of beneficial bacterial phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, genera Streptomyces, Azospirillum, and Bacillus were significantly reduced in anthracnose-infected strawberry rhizosphere soils; the relative abundance of beneficial fungal species Trichoderma asperellum shows a similar tendency with bacterial abundance. Besides Colletotrichum, 15 other potential fungal pathogen genera and seven fungal pathogen species were identified; among the potential pathogen genera and species, eight pathogen genera and Fusarium oxysporum showed significant differences between healthy and anthracnose-infected strawberry rhizosphere soils. The results suggested that strawberry planted in this area may be infected by other fungal pathogens except for Colletotrichum spp. Our present research will provide theoretical basis and data reference for the isolation and identification of strawberry pathogens and potential probiotics in future works.

/pdf/comparative-analysis-of-the-microbial-community-structures-2ib6ap3r.pdf

Comparative Analysis of the Microbial Community Structures Between Healthy and Anthracnose-Infected Strawberry Rhizosphere Soils Using Illumina Sequencing Technology in Yunnan Province, Southwest of China

The experiment was conducted with two sets at ARS, BARI, Pabna during 2008-09 to find out the effective control measure for anthracnose disease of country bean for producing safe fresh food without harmful chemicals. For experiment set 1 (fungal inoculum was sprayed before treatments apply), control treatment showed the highest leaf area diseased (27.67%) and Tilt 250 EC, Bordeaux mixture, Baking powder and Trichoderma harzianum sprayed plot showed lower leaf area diseased. Percent infected fruits varied from 12.23 - 25.56%, while the highest was in control and the lowest was in Tilt 250 EC sprayed plot. Control plot showed the highest fruit area diseased (3.20%) and Tilt 250 EC sprayed plot showed the lowest (1.33%) which followed by Bordeaux mixture (1.67%), Baking powder (1.97%) and Trichoderma harzianum (2.00%) sprayed plot. Tilt 250 EC sprayed plot resulted the maximum yield (9.17 t/ha). Bordeaux mixture (7.37 t/ha), Baking powder (6.25 t/ha) and Trichoderma harzianum (6.08 t/ha) sprayed plot also gave higher yield, and the lowest yield (4.00 t/ha) resulted control plot. Both the experiments gave similar trends of results.

Management of Anthracnose of Hyacinth Bean for Safe Fresh Food Production

Background: Strawberry diseases are a major limiting factor that severely impact plant agronomic performance. Regarding limitations of traditional techniques for detection of pathogens, researchers have developed specific DNA-based tests as sensitive and specific techniques. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods used for detection or quantification of the most widespread strawberry pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae, Phytophthora fragariae, Colletotrichum acutatum, Verticillium dahliae, Botrytis cinerea, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Xanthomonas fragariae. An updated and detailed list of published PCR protocols is presented and discussed, aimed at facilitating access to information that could be particularly useful for diagnostic laboratories in order to develop a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable monitoring technique. Methods: The study design was a systematic review of PCR-based techniques used for detection and quantification of strawberry pathogens. Using appropriate subject headings, AGRICOLA, AGRIS, BASE, Biological Abstracts, CAB Abstracts, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and SpringerLink databases were searched from their inception up to April 2014. Two assessors independently reviewed the titles, abstracts, and full articles of all identified citations. Selected articles were included if one of the mentioned strawberry pathogens was investigated based on PCR methods, and a summary of pre-analytical requirements for PCR was provided. Results: A total of 259 titles and abstracts were reviewed, of which 22 full texts met all the inclusion criteria. Our systematic review identified ten different protocols for X. fragariae, eight for P. fragariae, four for B. cinerea, six for C. acutatum, three for V. dahlia, and only one for F. oxysporum. The accuracy and sensitivity of PCR diagnostic methods is the focus of most studies included in this review. However, a large proportion of errors in laboratories occur in the pre-analytical phase of the testing process. Due to heterogeneity, results could not be meta-analyzed. Conclusions: From a systematic review of the currently available published literature, effective detection assays to detect the major strawberry pathogens have been developed. These assays can function as a basis for clinical labs, regulatory personnel, and other diagnosticians to adapt or implement for detection of these six important strawberry pathogens.

Assessment of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. And Soil Fungal Communities Associated with Strawberry Fields

Summary A new strawberry plantation was established in October in 2010 with Honeoye and Senga‐Sengana cultivars. The effect of Trichoderma asperellum on the development plants, vitality and health of strawberry was assessed. Two experimental factors were considered: 1) method of application of microorganism and 2) frequency of treatments. The efficacy of treatments was assessed basing on the number of runners and green material mass of selected plants. The best result was obtained after dipping roots of strawberry cuttings in suspension prior to planting, and then by numerous foliage applications of the microorganism during the vegetation season.

Wykorzystanie Trichoderma asperellum w ekologicznej uprawie truskawek

Experiments were conducted in a strawberry farm located in Moguer (Huelva, SW Spain) from October to May for three consecutive growing seasons. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of Trichoderma spp. for biocontrol of anthracnose in large-scale strawberry field experiments. Trichoderma spp. were applied via drip irrigation and dip, by addition to the soil 7-days before planting (10 conidia/m 2 ) , and by dipping strawberry roots in a suspension of Trichoderma (10 6 conidia/ml) prior to planting. A randomised complete block design with four replications was used. Each plot was 12.5 × 3.3 m and had three raised beds. Plants from the nursery were examined during October to detect latent infections of Colletotrichum spp. The highest percentage of anthracnose-infected transplants was detected in the second year. Crown infections were initiated in the nursery but were not apparent until after plants were set in production fields. The fungus continued to grow in infected plants, which later died suddenly following warm weather in the fall and the following spring. Trichoderma applications reduced anthracnose disease incidence and, consequently, plant mortality. This work contributes to the development and optimization of biocontrol with Trichoderma as alternatives to the traditional use of chemicals in strawberry production.

Biological control of anthracnose with Trichoderma in strawberry fields.

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Biological control of anthracnose with Trichoderma in strawberry fields.