Thelymitra epipactoides has a highly variable visual display achieved through polychromatic flowers and variable inflorescence size, bearing between 7 and 31 flowers, which attract foraging polylectic bees Only bees of the genusNomia were observed carrying pollinia and successfully pollinating the orchid The genusNomia contains polylectic, pollen gathering species that store pollen in both the crop and scopa on the hind legs The absence of a reward for the bees indicates the orchid is relying on deception to attract visitors The relationship of deception to mimicry is discussed Once on the flower, tactile, visual and possibly olfactory stimuli direct bees to the false anther formed by the voluminous column wings, where morphological adaptations of the flower ensure that the pollinarium is deposited on the gaster of the bee to effect pollination — The lack of seed set observed on the Victorian coast appears to be due to the absence of pollinators from the heath and grassland communities in which the orchid grows This may well be a consequence of the reduced number of plants flowering in the community (a result of the elimination of fire at these sites), thus not maintaining a floral community attractive to potential pollinators

The floral biology of Thelymitra epipactoides (Orchidaceae), and the implications of pollination by deceit on the survival of this rare orchid.

morphology, Thelymitra epipactoides F. Muell. (metallic sun-orchid) was once widespread in coastal regions of south-eastern Australia but extensive clearing of habitat and collection by orchid enthusiasts has resulted in a significant reduction in its distribution. At present seven small populations (2-250 adult plants) survive on public land. Before adequate management procedures can be developed a better understanding of the species and its biology is required.

Thelymitra epipactoides f. (orchidaceae): the morphology, biology and conservation of an endangered species

Soil moisture controls the exchange of energy between the land surface and the atmosphere and is a significant factor affecting plant growth and productivity. Hyperspectral monitoring of soil water fraction could provide a theoretical basis for real-time estimation of spatial and temporal variations in soil moisture. To quantitatively evaluate the hyperspectral monitoring of soil moisture content (SMC): the SMC and its corresponding spectral reflectance were measured in the laboratory. In addition, the original spectral data was pre-processed by single and multiple transformations to study the effect of spectral preprocessing methods on the quantitative evaluation of soil moisture. The successive projections algorithm (SPA) was used to extract the corresponding wavelengths of soil moisture and the spectral monitoring model was established by using the partial least squares (PLS). The results show that (1) SMC and spectral reflectance show an obvious negative correlation, and the spectral reflectance gradually decreases with the increase of SMC. (2) Appropriate pretreatment methods can improve the correlation between SMC and spectral reflectance and improve the accuracy of the SMC monitoring model, of which T19 (R + SNV + FD) is the best spectral pretreatment method. (3) The optimal SMC monitoring model is T19-SPA-PLS (Rv = 0.986, RMSEv = 1.824, RPD = 8.239). This study provided a reference for spectral data processing and an effective method for the accurate estimation of SMC using hyperspectral remote sensing.

Performance of pretreatments and multivariate method on the hyperspectral estimation of soil moisture content

One of the biggest challenges of whole-body scanners for Positron Emission Tomography is the correction of the scatter fraction, meaning the amount of false coincidences where one of the two 511-keV gammas has interacted in the patient’s body and has changed its original direction. One way to overcome this diﬃculty is to use the scanner energy resolution to reject the scatter coincidences, since gammas lose part of their energy in the scatter. Recently, a new concept has been proposed to use liquid xenon as a scintillation medium, instead of crystals, which are currently used in commercial scanners, and silicon photomultipliers as a read-out. In this paper we present a measurement of the quasi-intrinsic energy resolution of liquid xenon for 511-keV gammas, using only scintillation light and silicon photomultipliers with 30% photodetection eﬃciency. The measured energy resolution is 3 . 5% ± 1 . 2% FWHM, which improves on the current knowledge of liquid xenon properties and opens up the possibility of building scanners with unprecedented energy resolution.

Measurement of quasi-intrinsic energy resolution in liquid xenon for medical applications

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Thelymitra epipactoides f. (orchidaceae): the morphology, biology and conservation of an endangered species

Performance of pretreatments and multivariate method on the hyperspectral estimation of soil moisture content

Measurement of quasi-intrinsic energy resolution in liquid xenon for medical applications