Blood composition was investigated in anaesthetized elephant and Buffalo and in elephant immobilized by succinyldicholine. Results obtained indicate that data from undisturbed animals shot in the brain closely approximate the situation in anaesthetized animals, except for blood-gas composition. Cortisol concentrations increase after anaesthetization and then decrease again, suggesting that the procedures involved are experienced to some extent as physiological stress. In the case of animals paralysed by succinyldicholine, Cortisol and blood-gets results suggest that when this substance is used in culling procedures, elephant should be killed by a shot into the brain within 16 min after darting.

Effects of etorphine and succinyldicholine oil blood composition in elephant and buffalo

Pharmacokinetics and effects of succinylcholine in African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and impala (Aepyceros melampus)

All anesthetic agents have been shown to have some effect on the cardiovascular system, there has therefore been a conscious and sustained effort by investigators to minimize these effects. This has been done by reducing dosages, increasing the use of narcotic analgesics, whose deleterious cardiovascular effects are less than those of the general anesthetics, and by the use of neurolept analgesia regimens. Under these circumstances, voluntary and/or involuntary muscular movement can be a problem. To combat this undesirable movement and to be able to control ventilation and blood gases without having the animal trying to breath against the system, a variety of neuromuscular blocking agents have been used. These agents can be classified into two types: 1) Competitive or nondepolarizing agents, which compete with acetylcholine for available cholinergic receptors at the post-synaptic membrane. The prototype for this kind of agent is d-tubocurarine. Metocurine iodide, gallamine, pancuronium and alcuronium chloride are other examples of competitive blockers. Newer agents include; fazadinium, atracurium and vecuronium. 2) Depolarizing agents which interfere with acetylcholine-mediated depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane constitute the second group of neuromuscular blockers. Examples of this type of agent are succinylcholine chloride and decamethonium bromide.1

Cardiovascular Effects of other Drugs Commonly used in Cardiovascular Research

We investigated the mechanism of the delayed effect of succinylcholine 
(SuCh) in elephants, by correlating the plasma concentration 
of SuCh with alterations in respiratory and cardiovascular 
function and with changes in plasma markers of metabolism. These 
changes were compared with those in impalas, following a lethal 
SuCh dose in each species. Total entry of SuCh into the circulation 
(cumulative dose) and total exposure of neuromuscular receptors 
to unhydrolysed SuCh (area under curve of plasma [SuCh] versus 
time), were determined. Absorption of intramuscular SuCh was 
slower, and the cumulative dose lower in elephant than impala, 
but exposure to intact SuCh was similar in both. SuCh produced 
apnoea, a fall in P a CO 2 
and pH, and rises in the P a CO 2 
and plasma 
catecholamine and cortisol concentrations, and variable cardiovascular 
responses. These changes took longer to develop in 
elephant than impala, but in both species death was associated 
with metabolic consequences of severe hypoxia. We conclude that 
the delayed effect of SuCh in elephant does not arise from differences 
in SuCh pharmacodynamics between the species but can be 
attributed to different pharmacokinetics, the lower mass-specific 
metabolic rate of the elephant, and its greater tolerance of severe 
metabolic changes before death results.

Succinylcholine overdose in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and impala (Aepyceros melampus): pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and physiological responses

Buffalo are ranched primarily to produce trophy animals, but inferior animals represent a good potential for meat production. Estimating and applying the well-reasoned stocking rates and feed supplementation during periods of nutrient shortages are essential to ensure the maintenance of good body condition. Protein supply, and the intake thereof, is the main constraining factor with regards to production performance in buffalo during the dry season on rangeland. Through optimized nutrition, year-round breeding may be supported, earlier attainment of sexual maturity can be realized, and more cows can be served by one bull (1 bull:30 cows sex ratio), thereby improving the productivity of buffalo herds in captivity. Buffalo have carcass yields similar to those of domestic beef cattle, and by applying the suggested grading system presented in this chapter, meat processing of buffalo carcasses may be optimized regarding allocation of carcasses and cuts according to their expected quality. Primal cuts should be vacuum-packed and matured for a minimum of 25 days under refrigerated conditions before being sold, with the sirloin and topside muscles being valuable cuts. 

pdf/management-aspects-of-the-captive-bred-african-buffalo-i-29imud632a.pdf

Management Aspects of the Captive-Bred African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in South Africa

Succinyldicholine-induced asphyxia in awake calves led to massive catecholamine release by the adrenal medulla. Hypertension and bradyarrhythmias resulted. Electroencephalograms recorded during periods of succinyldicholine-induced apnoea indicated that calves were probably conscious and under psychic stress for at least 4 min after the onset of apnoea. Electroencephalographic signs indicative of decreased consciousness became evident in one calf only after 4,8 min of apnoea but were absent in 3 calves subjected to maximum periods of apnoea of 4,1; 3,2 and 4,4 min. The latter 3 calves all recovered with no apparent neurological deficit after intravenous injection of plasma pseudocholinesterase.

Haemodynamic and neurological responses of ventilated and apnoeic calves to succinyldicholine.

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Haemodynamic and neurological responses of ventilated and apnoeic calves to succinyldicholine.