The nose is the major portal of air exchange between the internal and external environment. The nose participates in the vital functions of conditioning inspired air toward a temperature of 37°C and 100% relative humidity, providing local defense and filtering inhaled particulate matter and gases. It also functions in olfaction, which provides both a defense and pleasure for the individual. Understanding normal physiology provides the basis for recognizing abnormalities.

https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1513/pats.201007-050RN

Anatomy and physiology of the upper airway.

Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of
asthma. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes, which play an
important role in antioxidant defences, may therefore influence
asthma risk. Two common deletion polymorphisms of GSTM1 and
GSTT1 genes and the GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism have been
associated with asthma in children and adults, but results are
inconsistent across studies.
Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of GST
genes on asthma, wheezing and bronchial hyper-responsiveness
(BHR), with inclusion of unpublished data from three studies,
including the large Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and
Children (ALSPAC). Random effect or fixed effect models were
used as appropriate, and sensitivity analyses were performed
to assess the impact of study characteristics and quality on
pooled results.
Results The meta-analyses of GSTM1 (n¼22 studies) and GSTT1 (n¼19)
showed increased asthma risk associated with the null genotype,
but there was extreme between-study heterogeneity and publication
bias and the association disappeared when meta-analysis was
restricted to the largest studies. Meta-analysis of GSTP1 Ile105Val
(n¼17) and asthma suggested a possible protective effect of the Val
allele, but heterogeneity was extreme. Few studies evaluated
wheezing and BHR and most reported no associations, although
weak evidence was found for positive associations of GSTM1 null and GSTP1 Val allele with wheezing and a negative association of
GSTP1 Val allele with BHR.
Conclusions Our findings do not support a substantial role of GST genes alone
in the development of asthma. Future studies of large size should
focus on interactions of GST genes with environmental oxidative
exposures and with other genes involved in antioxidant pathways.
Quality of study conduct and reporting needs to be improved to
increase credibility of the evidence accumulating over time.
Keywords Meta-analysis, systematic review, glutathione-S-transferase genes,
GSTM1 gene, GSTT1 gene, GSTP1 gene, asthma, wheezing, bronchial
responsiveness, The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and
Children (ALSPAC)

/pdf/glutathione-s-transferase-genes-and-asthma-phenotypes-a-54et72tyk9.pdf

Glutathione-S-transferase genes and asthma phenotypes: a Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) systematic review and meta-analysis including unpublished data

https://www.oto.theclinics.com/article/S0030-6665(09)00007-3/pdf

Diagnosis of nasal airway obstruction.

Oxidative stress is one of the main risk factors for asthma development. Glutathione S-transferases play an important role in antioxidant defences and may influence asthma susceptibility. In particular, GSTM1 and GSTT1 positive/null genotypes and the GSTP1*Ile105 Val polymorphism have been analyzed in a number of genetic association studies, with conflicting outcomes. Two previous meta-analyses have attempted to clarify the associations between GST genes and asthma, but these studies have also showed contrasting results. Our aim was to perform a meta-analysis that included independent genetic association studies on GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1, evaluating also the effect of potential confounding variables (i.e. ethnicity, population age, and urbanization). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of GST genes on asthma were conducted. The meta-analyses were performed using a fixed or, where appropriate, random effects model. The meta-analysis of the GSTM1 (n = 35), GSTT1 (n = 31) and GSTP1 (n = 28) studies suggests that no significant associations with asthma susceptibility were observed for GSTM1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms, whereas a significant outcome was detected for the GSTT1 positive/null genotype (pooled OR = 1.33, 95 %CI = 1.10–1.60). However, high between-study heterogeneity was identified in all the general analyses (pheterogenetity < 0.05). The stratification analysis seems to explain the heterogeneity only in few cases. This picture is probably due to the interactive process of genetics and environment that characterizes disease pathogenesis. Further studies on interactions of GST genes with the potential oxidative stress sources and with other antioxidant genes are needed to explain the role of GST enzymes in asthma.

Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms, asthma susceptibility and confounding variables: a meta-analysis.

Polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1 may be associated with asthma risk, yet several studies and meta-analyses have reported inconclusive results. Therefore, an updated meta-analysis was conducted. Literature searches were performed using the Pubmed, Embase and Web of Science databases until October 2012. Variant ‘null’ genotype was compared with wild-type ‘present’ in the pooled data. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA 11.0. A total of 26 case–control studies were suitable for inclusion in the meta-analysis. In the overall population, a significant association was found for both the GSTM1 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.452; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.192–1.770) and GSTT1 polymorphism (OR = 1.792; 95% CI:1.293–2.483). For subgroup analysis by age, GSTM1 significantly increased risk for both children (OR = 1.368; 95% CI: 1.051–1.781) and adults (OR = 1.859; 95% CI: 1.183–2.921). For GSTT1, a significant association was only found in the adult population (OR = 2.312; 95%CI: 1.204–4.439). Based on subgroup analysis by ethnicity, a significant association for GSTM1 was found in Europe (OR = 1.303; 95% CI: 1.018–1.667), Africa (OR = 2.175; 95%CI: 1.560–3.031) and Latin America (OR = 2.265; 95%CI: 1.375–3.729). For GSTT1, significantly increased risk was found only for Asian (OR = 2.105; 95% CI: 1.101–4.025) and Russian (OR = 2.747; 95% CI: 1.071–7.046) populations. This meta-analysis provides evidence that GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms may be risk factors for asthma.

Significant association between asthma risk and the GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion polymorphisms: an updated meta-analysis of case-control studies.

BACKGROUND In this study the effects of nasal septal deviation (NSD) and its surgery on nasal mucociliary clearance velocity (NMCV) in both nasal cavities were evaluated. METHODS This study included 20 patients with NSD and 20 healthy subjects as a control group who had no complaint related to the nose. NMCV was measured with rhinoscintigraphy using technetium-99m-macroaggregated albumin (Tc-99m-MAA). RESULTS Before the septal surgery, the NMCV of concave (10.24 +/- 3.96 mm/minute) and convex sides (10.78 +/- 3.53 mm/minute) of the patients were significantly lower than the control group (17.94 +/- 2.89 mm/minute). There is no statistically significant difference between the NMCV of the concave and convex sides. After septal surgery, the NMCVs of the concave (16.34 _ 4.40 mm/minute) and convex sides (17.21 +/- 3.43 mm/minute) were not significantly different from control groups (17.94 +/- 2.89 mm/minute). Postoperative NMCVs of the concave and convex sides was significantly better than preoperative NMCVs. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that NSD significantly impaired NMCVs in both sides and that septoplasty significantly improved NMCVs in both sides.

Evaluation of the effects of nasal septal deviation and its surgery on nasal mucociliary clearance in both nasal cavities.

Objectives: To evaluate the glutation-S-transferase (GST) polymorphisms (GSTM1 and GSTT1) in nasal polyposis (NP). Methods: The study population consisted of 102 unrelated healthy individuals and 98 patients with NP (67 without asthma, 31 with asthma). Genotyping of the polymorphism in the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes was performed using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method. Results: GSTM1 and GSTT1 null-genotypes were found in 46.1% and 23.5% of the controls, and in 43.9% and 33.7% of the NP patients, respectively. These differences were not significant (for GSTM1 null odds ratio (OR) = 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.52-1.6 and for GSTT1, OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 0.89-3.07). Although no significant difference for combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes between control (8.8%) and NP patients (17.3%) was found, there was a 2.16-fold increased proportion in the NP with the combined GSTM1-null and GSTT1-null genotype (OR = 2.16; 95% CI = 0.91-5.13). Conclusion: These results suggest that there is lack of association between GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and NP. The GSTM1 or GSTT1 polymorphisms had also no relevant developing effect on NP patients without or with asthma.

Lack of association between the glutathione-s-transferase genes (GSTT1 and GSTM1) and nasal polyposis.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate primary Sjögren's syndrome patients in terms of hearing and vestibular functions. Methods The patient group consisted of 35 individuals diagnosed with primary Sjögren's syndrome and a control group of 35 healthy individuals similar in terms of age and gender. Results The rate of hearing loss in the patient group was significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.021). The N1 latency value for the ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials test was significantly longer in the patient group than in the control group (p = 0.037). Additionally, the posterior semicircular canal and lateral semicircular canal vestibulo-ocular reflex gain values were significantly lower than in the control group (p = 0.022 and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion These results indicate subclinical vestibular involvement and hearing loss in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials and video head impulse tests can be used to detect vestibular involvement in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients.

Effects of primary Sjögren's syndrome on hearing and vestibular systems

Cochlear implant (CI) infection is the most common complication after CI surgery. We investigated whether the preoperative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) values could predict the CI infection and the NLR and PLR values obtained at the first admission to the hospital with an CI infection could help the clinician in the diagnosis.

New validation of a well‐known marker in cochlear implant infections: A retrospective, case‐controlled, observational study

Objective: To evaluate the effect of biofilm layer on polyp formation in nasal polyposis by comparing the amount of biofilm layer on polyp tissue and the normal mucosa. Materials and Methods: This study is a prospective study. 14 patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) for nasal polyposis were evaluated. Patients were had no history of previous FESS. Tissue samples were obtained from lower turbinate (Group 1 n:14) and from nasal polyp (Group 2, n:14) of the same nasal cavity. Biofilm presence was identified using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) morphological findings. In biofilm positive samples, the presence of biofilm in less than 25% of the surface area was classified as (+), between 25-50% as (++) , and over 50% as (+++). Results: In Group 2, with SEM imaging, (+++) biofilm presence was detected in 9 patients and (++) biofilm was detected in 5 patients. In Group 1, no biofilm was detected 8 patients, while; (+++), (++), and (+) biofilm presence was detected in 1, 2, and 3 patients respectively. Significant difference was found between group 1 and group 2 with respect to the amount of biofilm according to SEM (p =0.000). Conclusion: In samples, statistically significant difference was found between polyp tissue and normal mucosa in terms of the amount of biofilm. However, further studies with larger patient series are required in order to reach a definitive conclusion on the effect of biofilm on pathogenesis of polyp.

/pdf/the-evaluation-of-the-relation-between-nasal-polyp-3c8ttcdd.pdf

The evaluation of the relation between nasal polyp etiopathogenesis and the amount of biofilm

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Bulent Ulusoy

Author Tools

Chat about Author