http://people.geo.su.se/uwe/publications/Gessner_et_al._GondRes_web.pdf

What caused the denudation of the Menderes Massif: Review of crustal evolution, lithosphere structure, and dynamic topography in southwest Turkey

Aphanius irregularis, new species, is described from the spring Kaklik in the Buyuk Menderes River drainage in south-western Anatolia. Males of A. irregularis are distinguished from males of other species of the A. anatoliae group by having irregularly set and shaped dark-brown flank-bars often fused to each other, forming rows of vertically elongated silvery blotches and many small silvery spots or fields of small vermiculation, disconnected from silvery bar interspaces on flank. Males of A. irregularis are distinguished from males of some other species of the A. anatoliae group by having a wide, dusty grey or black anal-fin margin, often interrupted in small individuals; a narrow, white stripe or a series of white spots on the black dorsal-fin base; and often some white blotches in the middle of the dorsal fin. Females of A. irregularis are distinguished by having a vermiculate brown colour pattern, usually with a mid-lateral series of short stripes. The available molecular genetic data suggest that A. irregularis is closely related to A. maeandricus, which occurs in other springs in the Buyuk Menderes River drainage. Geological data suggest that both spring complexes have not been connected until they were caught by the Buyuk Menderes River in the Late Quaternary, no more than 0.8 million years ago.

Aphanius irregularis, a new killifish from south-western Anatolia (Cyprinodontiformes: Aphaniidae).

Structural evidence for strike-slip deformation in the İzmir–Balıkesir transfer zone and consequences for late Cenozoic evolution of western Anatolia (Turkey)

We present a detailed structural and stratigraphic record of a Neogene–Quaternary supradetachment sedimentary succession in the Aegean extensional province of western Anatolia, and we compare its tectonic features and evolution to those of other well-documented supradetachment basins around the world. The sedimentary fill of the Alasehir basin records the uplift and exhumation of a core complex in the footwall of a detachment fault within the Central Menderes Massif. Accumulation of footwall-derived clastic sediments in this basin started ca. 20 Ma, shortly after the initiation of the approximately E-W–trending Alasehir detachment and its shear zone, and continued until ca. 2 Ma. Major sedimentary facies types include fluvial and alluvial-fan deposits, debris-flow and mass-flow deposits, and locally developed lacustrine rocks. These sedimentary units were accumulated largely in distal depocenters within the extending basin, as the low-angle (15°–28°) detachment faulting created little accommodation space near the basin margins while producing high back-shed topography in the uplifted Menderes core complex. The drainage system was dominated mainly by extension-parallel transverse streams during the main phases of basin evolution. Extension-parallel, scissor (hinge) faulting produced differential uplift and subsidence in the adjacent fault blocks, changed the direction of sediment transport and drainage patterns over short distances, and resulted in the local uplift of the older basin strata. These processes led to the development of subbasins with lateral variations in basement topography, strata thickness, and sedimentary facies distribution, and generated a segmented basin architecture. High-angle synthetic and antithetic faults that formed extensively after 3 Ma caused back-tilting of the sedimentary strata, formation of half grabens with their own axial drainage systems, and development of angular unconformities. With the onset of this crustal-scale block faulting, the detachment fault ceased to operate, and the Quaternary Gediz graben started to develop at the northern end of the Alasehir supradetachment basin. Our comparative evaluation of select basins shows a maximum sediment thickness of 3 km, average extension rates of 6 to 8–9 mm yr −1 , and accumulation rates of 0.1–0.2 mm yr −1 (uncorrected for compaction) in supradetachment basins in general. The rates and amounts of extension, the geometry of detachment faulting, the rates of footwall uplift, and the kinematics and interplay of different fault systems are the most important factors controlling three-dimensional structural architecture and evolution of supradetachment basins.

Supradetachment basin evolution during continental extension: The Aegean province of western Anatolia, Turkey

Tectonic analysis of the Honaz Fault (western Anatolia) using geomorphic indices and the regional implications

Oblique and normal fault systems exposed in the Buyuk Menderes Graben (BMG) region record two successive and independent complex tectonic events. The first group tectonic event is defined by an E–W extension related to N–S contraction and transpression. This group is responsible for the development of NW- and NE-trending conjugate pairs of oblique faults which controlled Early–Middle Miocene basin formation. Between the Early–Middle Miocene and Plio-Quaternary strata exists an unconformity, indicating a period of folding, uplift and severe erosion associated with N–S shortening. The second group of events was the change in tectonic regime from E–W extension to N–S extension which controlled the formation of the Buyuk Menderes Graben by three progressive pulses of deformation. The first pulse of extensional deformation was initially recorded in the region by the exhumation of the deep part of the Menderes Massif (MM) with the development of the E-trending Buyuk Menderes Detachment Fault (BMDF). The minimum age of this pulse is constrained by the older Plio-Quaternary fluviatile deposits of the Buyuk Menderes Graben that range in age from the Plio-Pleistocene boundary interval to Late Pleistocene. The second pulse, which is marked by the rapid deposition of alluvial deposits, initiated the formation of approximately E–W-trending high-angle normal faults synthetic and antithetic to the Buyuk Menderes Detachment Fault, on the northern margin during Holocene times. These faults are interpreted as secondary steeper listric faults that merge with the main Buyuk Menderes Detachment Fault at depth. The third pulse was the migration of the Buyuk Menderes Graben depocentre to the present day position by diachronous activity of secondary steeper listric faults. These steeper faults are the most seismically active tectonic elements in western Turkey. According to the stratigraphic and structural data, the N–S extension in the Buyuk Menderes Graben region produced a progressive deformation phase with different pulses during its Plio-Quaternary evolution, with migration of deformation from the master fault to the hangingwall. The formation of diachronous secondary synthetic and antithetic steeper faults on the upper plate of the Buyuk Menderes Detachment Fault, hence the southward migration of the deformation and of the Buyuk Menderes Graben depocentre, should be related to the evolution of detachment in the region. The presence of the seismically active splays of secondary faults implies an active detachment system in the region. This young Plio-Quaternary N–S extension in the Buyuk Menderes Graben may be attributed to the combined effects of the two continuing processes in Aegean region. The first process is back-arc spreading or probably the roll-back of African slab below the south Aegean Arc, which seems to be responsible for the change in the stress tensor from E–W extension to N–S extension. The second and later event is the southwestward escape of the Anatolian block along its boundary fault, that is, the North Anatolian fault (NAF).

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0016756809006359

Progressive development of the Büyük Menderes Graben based on new data, western Turkey

Strands of the North Anatolian Fault System (NAFS) in the Marmara Region were re-named within the content of this Ph. D. thesis. This fault system has been defined as horse-tail splitting into three strands as the Northern Strand of the North Anatolian Fault System (NAFSNS), Southern Strand of the North Anatolian Fault System (NAFSSS) and Southern-a Strand of the North Anatolian Fault System (NAFSSS-a). Lithostratigraphy, morphotectonic features, structural geology, basin models and historical earthquakes of the region were studied by this study for the Geyve-Pamukova and Iznik basins located between Geyve ( Sakarya ), Mekece ( Sakarya ), Iznik (Bursa) and Gemlik (Bursa) on the NAFSSS and bordered by the Armutlu-Ovacik Zone in north and the Sakarya Zone in south. Six main faults ( Sarigazi, Mekece, Dirazali, Gurle, Orhangazi, Umurbey ) and three fault zones developed by the secondary segments related to the six main faults were mapped as the NAFSSS in the region. The Sarigazi main fault in the east of the study area and in the Geyve-Pamukova basin and the Geyve Fault Zone (GFZ) were created by the secondary segments. Deposits of the Geyve-Pamukova basin were mapped based on the lithostratigraphic facies. The units from the bottom to the top of the basin were classified into four formations as Geyve (Qg), Pinarli (Qp), Cardak (Qc) and Hocakoy (Qh). The Geyve formation was divided into Kollu pebblestone (Qgk) and Beylik clastic (Qgb) members and Cardak formation was sub-divided into Ayvalik (Qga) and Yanikorman (Qcy) clastic members. The Kollu pebblestone member deposited at the base of the Geyve-Pamukova basin is a debris-flow deposit. The source for this member is Sakarya River and its small tributaries.Beylik clastic member of the Kollu pebblestone defines channel and set-point enviroments of the same river. The present deposition of these units in the southern edge of the basin is directly related to the deformation caused by the right lateral displacements by the Sarigazi fault in Sakarya River. Alluvial fan Hocakoy formation overlies these basal units with uplifting of southern block by the Sarigazi fault. The southern edge of the basin is formed by the right lateral fault. However, flood-plain sediments of the Pinarli formation are deposited on the northern edge, where the deformation effect is less. The youngest unit is the Cardak formation located in the middle of the basin. This formation resembles to the Geyve formation. Architecture of the Iznik Basin along the NAFSSS developed when the step-over of the northwesterly striking Dirazali fault to Gurle fault triggered westerly step-over of the Gurle fault to east-westerly striking Umurbey fault due to simple dextral shear kinematics and north-nortwesterly, south-southwesterly transtensional deformation. This basin architecture was also supported by the southerly dipping, dextral oblique Orhangazi fault that is identified at the northern edge of the Iznik fault. The vertical displacement of southern edge of the basin by the right lateral faulting caused disconnections to the sea level. As a result, the Iznik formation was deposited in a brackish water environment. After the sedimentation phase in the basin, the dominant right lateral oblique movement of the Gurle fault located between the Umurbey and Dirazali faults elevated the Iznik formation approximately 60 m from the basin surface. Additionally, the Orhangazi fault which has the same charter as the Gurle fault controlled the Iznik and Hocakoy formations located in the western section of northern edge of the basin. The slickenlines pointing out a right lateral oblique normal faulting indicate a rotation with simple shearing and transtension for the right lateral fault system. The basin was formed as lazy S shaped pull-apart basin that was created by the right lateral faulting and NNE-SSW dilatation. This neo-tectonics shows that the Iznik basin is a pull-apart basin developed with a transtensional right lateral faulting. Almost all of the structural features of the right lateral simple shearing strain elipsoid were developed during the all stages of the basin opening. Keywords: Southern Strand of the North Anatolian Fault System, Tectonostratigraphy, Lazy S shaped pull-apart basin.

/pdf/kuzey-anadolu-fay-sistemi-guney-kolunun-geyve-gemlik-3tee1w5y2g.pdf

Kuzey Anadolu Fay Sistemi Güney Kolunun Geyve-Gemlik arasındaki kesiminin tektonostratigrafik evrimi

Ercek Golu havzasi (ELB), Van Golu’nun dogusunda yer alan ve yaklasik 100 km 2 ’lik alana sahip ve dogu kesimi de Ozalp’e dogru oluk morfolojisinden olusur. Bu alanda temel kayaclari, hem Oligo-Miyosen, hem de Plio-Kuvaterner yasli birimler orter. Ercek golu havzasinin hem guney, hem de kuzeyinde Oligo-Miyosen yasli birimler kivrimlidir. Ancak havzanin kuzeyinde genel olarak D-B dogrultulu kuzeye egimli ters faylar da gelismistir. Guneyde ise kivrim eksenleri, D-B’dan kuzeye dogru en fazla 30° lik aci ile sapma gosterir. Yapisal elemanlarin Plio-Kuvaterner birimler icinde dagilimi ise oldukca sinirli olup, bunlar da Ercek Golu havzasinin kuzeyinde daha belirgindir. Bu yapisal elamanlarin icinde az sayida normal faylar da bulunur. Bu normal faylar bolgenin K-G sikismasi sonucu olusmus olup, aktif tektonik evrimi suresince gelismistir. Ercek Golu’nun bati kenarini ve gol ici morfolojisini de deforme eden Kozluca sol yanal dogrultu atimli fayi da, sikisan kitasal kabuktaki diger levha-ici yapisal unsurlardan biridir.

/pdf/active-tectonics-of-ercek-lake-basin-and-lithostratigraphy-21zyneng2i.pdf

Active tectonics of Erçek Lake Basin and lithostratigraphy of basin deposits (Van, Turkey)

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Progressive development of the Büyük Menderes Graben based on new data, western Turkey

Kuzey Anadolu Fay Sistemi Güney Kolunun Geyve-Gemlik arasındaki kesiminin tektonostratigrafik evrimi

Active tectonics of Erçek Lake Basin and lithostratigraphy of basin deposits (Van, Turkey)