Given the significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in antimicrobial resistance distribution and the factors that affect its evolution, dissemination and persistence, it is important to highlight that antimicrobial resistance must be viewed as an ecological problem. Monitoring the resistance prevalence of indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli and enterococci in wild animals makes it possible to show that wildlife has the potential to serve as an environmental reservoir and melting pot of bacterial resistance. These researchers address the issue of antimicrobial-resistant microorganism proliferation in the environment and the related potential human health and environmental impact.

/pdf/potential-impact-of-antimicrobial-resistance-in-wildlife-3j5csiik9m.pdf

Potential impact of antimicrobial resistance in wildlife, environment and human health

Bacterial biofilms are structured communities of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymer matrix that is attached to a surface. Biofilms protect and allow bacteria to survive and thrive in hostile environments. Bacteria within biofilms can withstand host immune responses, and are much less susceptible to antibiotics and disinfectants when compared with their planktonic counterparts. The ability to form biofilms is now considered a universal attribute of micro-organisms. Diseases associated with biofilms require novel methods for their prevention, diagnosis and treatment; this is largely due to the properties of biofilms. Surprisingly, biofilm formation by bacterial pathogens of veterinary importance has received relatively little attention. Here, we review the current knowledge of bacterial biofilms as well as studies performed on animal pathogens.

Biofilm formation in bacterial pathogens of veterinary importance

The gastrointestinal tract is continuously in contact with commensal bacteria that are composed of more than 500 different species, and has an important role in human nutrition and health, by promoting nutrient supply, preventing pathogen colonization and shaping and maintaining normal mucosal immunity. The present review demonstrates the distribution of the intestinal commensal bacteria Enterococcus spp. and the prevalence of Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups in animals and humans in Portugal. The enterococcal population described in this review includes 1,909 enterococcal isolates recovered from a series of fecal samples of different animals (horses, swine, ostriches, partridges, mullet fish, garden dormice, seagulls, pets, poultry, wild boars, birds of prey, and wild rabbits) and healthy and clinical humans. We also compared the phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli isolates (n = 203) recovered from healthy humans and animals (poultry, ostriches, seagulls, wild boars, birds of prey, and pigs). Phenotypic and molecular analysis allowed the identifying of Enterococcus faecium as the predominant species followed by Enterococcus faecalis. In addition, the Escherichia coli data from different studies showed that isolates of the A and B1 phylogenetic groups are predominant in the gut flora of animal origin and the phylogenetic group B2 isolates were the most common in healthy human samples.

Commensal gut bacteria: distribution of Enterococcus species and prevalence of Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups in animals and humans in Portugal

Attalea speciosa syn Orbignya phalerata Mart. (babassu) has been used in the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases. Aim of the study. To investigate the antimicrobial and immunological activity of babassu mesocarp extract (EE). Material and Methods. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disk diffusion assay and by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The flavonoids and phenolic acids content were determined by chromatography. The in vivo assays were performed in Swiss mice submitted to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The mice received EE subcutaneously (125 or 250 mg/Kg), 6 hours after the CLP. The number of lymphoid cells was quantified and the cytokines production was determined by ELISA after 12 h. Results. EE was effective as antimicrobial to E. faecalis, S. aureus, and MRSA. EE is rich in phenolic acids, a class of compounds with antimicrobial and immunological activity. An increased survival can be observed in those groups, possibly due to a significant inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6. Conclusions. The EE showed specific antimicrobial activity in vitro and an important antiseptic effect in vivo possibly due to the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity.

/pdf/immunomodulatory-and-antimicrobial-activity-of-babassu-48icw5lmkx.pdf

Immunomodulatory and Antimicrobial Activity of Babassu Mesocarp Improves the Survival in Lethal Sepsis

Aim

To determine whether clonal diversity within E. faecalis affects biofilm formation when exposed to antimicrobial compounds found in endodontic medicaments and irrigants.



Methodology

Five human isolates of E. faecalis were compared; biofilms were grown in microtitre trays in the presence of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine, tetracycline or clindamycin. Biofilms were quantified by staining with crystal violet and optical density determined with a microplate reader. Slime production (an amorphous extracellular matrix comprising polysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids loosely attached to the cell surface) was determined qualitatively by growth on Congo red agar plates. Linear mixed models were used to examine whether medicaments affected biofilm growth of the isolates in the presence of the medicaments or irrigants.



Results

Overall, different endodontic antimicrobials significantly altered biofilm growth in E. faecalis isolates. Two E. faecalis isolates significantly (P < 0.0001) increased biofilm formation in the presence of tetracycline and one in the presence of NaOCl (P = 0.018). Qualitatively, slime production also varied between isolates and correlated with biofilm production.



Conclusions

When subjected to sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of antimicrobial compounds found in endodontic medicaments, E. faecalis isolates demonstrated significant clonal variation in their capacity to form biofilms. Interestingly, there was a correlation between slime production and the ability of isolates to form a biofilm in the presence of antimicrobials. The results indicate that isolates of E. faecalis that form biofilms in response to endodontic medicaments may be more likely to survive endodontic treatment.

Clonal diversity in biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis in response to environmental stress associated with endodontic irrigants and medicaments

Slime factor production and antibiotic resistance of 67 Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from chicken arthritis were investigated in this study. Slime factor productions of enterococci were found as 59.7%. The antibiotic resistances were investigated by testing gentamycin, penicillin, streptomycin, vancomycin, danofloxacin, and enrofloxacin. The resistance rates were found as 62.68%, 76.11%, 67.16%, 13.43%, 47.76%, 43.28%, respectively. For slime factor positive enterococci, the antibiotic resistance rates were found as follows respectively; 82.50%, 87.50%, 92.50%, 17.50%, 72.50%, and 60.00%. In conclusion; the slime factor might play a role as a colonization factor for chicken arthritis and slime factor positive enterococci were found to be more resistant to these antibiotics. The resistance rates between slime factor positive and negative enterococci against the tested antibiotics except for vancomycin were found statistically significant (p<0.05).

Slime Production and Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Arthritis in Chickens

Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, a zoonotic infection. The bacteria is a gram-negative, pleomorphic, coccobacilli and capable to survive and proliferate within the host cell's phagolysosome. There are two morphological cell types of C.burnetii including small and large cell variants. C.burnetii is divided into phase I and phase II serologically variants according to LPS structure in the cell wall. Phase I is the natural phase found in infected animals or humans and is highly infectious. Phase II is not very infectious and could be obtained only in laboratories after serial passages in cell cultures or embryonated egg cultures. Q fever can be asymptomatic (in 50% of the cases), acute or chronic. Major presentations of acute Q fever are flu-like illness, pneumonia, and hepatitis, whereas the chronic form presents mainly as infective endocarditis. The aim of this study was to obtain C.burnetii phase II variant from C.burnetii phase I variant by a phase change study. In this study, C.burnetii was isolated by cell culture method from the heart valve tissue of a Q fever endocarditis case. C.burnetii phase I antigen for the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was prepared from the isolated strain. For the isolation and identification of C.burnetii, heart valve tissue of the patient was homogenized and DNA was extracted by tissue extraction kit. C.burnetii DNA in the valve tissue was determined by real-time PCR (Rt-PCR). This C.burnetii DNA positive specimen was inoculated into Vero cells by shell vial centrifugation method. The scraped Vero cells were fixed on the slides after one week of incubation and IFAT was performed using C.burnetii phase I IgG positive sera, bacteria that were grown in and surrounding the Vero cells stained apple green were determined microscopically. Infected cells were disrupted by freeze and thaw method to obtain bacterial suspension. The DNA obtained from the bacterial suspension was again found to be positive for C.burnetii by Rt-PCR. Isolation sample was found to be positive in PCR at an earlier cycle compared to heart tissue sample, thus the bacterial growth was also confirmed with PCR. 16S ribosomal RNA gene of our isolate was amplified by PCR using 27F and 1492 primers and then sequenced. The DNA sequences were compared with reference DNA sequences of GeneBank; and the nucleotide sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of our isolate was found to be 99% similar to C.burnetii strain ATCC VR-615 an accession number NR104916. Serial cell culture passages of the isolated strain were performed to obtain C.burnetii phase II variant from C.burnetii phase I variant. After each passage, presence of phase change was investigated by IFAT using C.burnetii phase I and phase II IgG positive sera. At the end of 17 cell culture passages, phase change could not be observed. C.burnetii phase I IFAT antigen was prepared from the obtained bacterial suspension. In this study, we presented the isolation and identification of C.burnetii by cell culture, molecular and serological methods from the heart valve of a patient with endocarditis for the first time in our country.

/pdf/first-isolation-of-coxiella-burnetii-in-turkey-from-a-53z2akwui5.pdf

[First Isolation of Coxiella burnetii in Turkey from a Patient with Endocarditis; Antigen Production and Phase Change Study].

Introduction Chronic gastritis is a common diagnosis in dogs with signs of chronic vomiting. However, there is no data concerning endoscopic and histopathological agreement in dogs with chronic gastritis. Thus, a question should be raised whether taking gastroduodenal biopsies in dogs with chronic gastritis is necessary or not. Consequently, the purpose of the study was to compare the endoscopic and histopathological agreement in dogs with chronic gastritis. Material and Methods A total of 22 non-pregnant client-owned dogs with the signs of chronic gastritis were enrolled in this prospective study. Procedures including clinical examination, blood analysis, and diagnostic imaging were performed before anaesthesia. Biopsies obtained from gastroduodenal sites were histopathologically evaluated. A total of 110 gastroduodenal samples were examined. Results Sixty-eight samples had abnormal histopathology and endoscopy while 11 showed normal histopathological and endoscopic evidence. Conclusion The obtained data demonstrated that it is not necessary to take extra gastroduodenal biopsies in dogs with evidence of endoscopic gastroduodenitis. We also believe that further prospective studies, including cost and time effectiveness and more specific comparison between endoscopic appearance and histopathology, are necessary to make final recommendations regarding the need of using both procedures for definitive diagnosis.

/pdf/correlation-between-endoscopic-and-histopathological-4ez9yb9d98.pdf

Correlation between Endoscopic and Histopathological Findings in Dogs with Chronic Gastritis.

In this study, different ratios (A-0%, B-25%, C-50%, D-75%) of kefir were used in ice cream mix in order to obtain functional ice cream enriched with probiotic bacteria. There was no difference between the chemical and physical properties of the samples, except for acidity and overrun values. Kefir containing samples showed probiotic properties during 90-day storage considering the probiotic bacterial counts. However, sample D had the lowest scores in terms of texture and flavor properties, while B and C had similar scores to sample A in sensory evaluation. Therefore, B and C were identified as probiotic products with acceptable properties during 90-day storage. 

http://vetjournal.ankara.edu.tr/en/download/article-file/2022432

Physical properties and bacterial viability of functional ice cream enriched with kefir

Çeşitli klinik örneklerden izole edilen Staphylococcus aureus suşlarında slime faktör üretimi ve antibiyotik dirençliliği

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