The physiology, pharmacology, and biochemistry of the eccrine sweat gland

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is the final outcome of many cardiovascular diseases, and is a severe health issue faced by the elderly population. Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3), a member of MAP3K family, is associated with aging, inflammation, oxidative stress, and related diseases, such as CHF. MLK3 has also been reported to play an important role in protecting against cardiomyocyte injury; however, its function in myocardial fibrosis is unknown. To investigate the role of MLK3 in myocardial fibrosis, we inhibited the expression of MLK3, and examined cardiac function and remodeling in TAC mice. In addition, we assessed the expression of MLK3 protein in ventricular cells and its downstream associated protein. We found that MLK3 mainly regulates NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway-mediated inflammation and that pyroptosis causes myocardial fibrosis in the early stages of CHF. Similarly, MLK3 mainly regulates the JNK/p53 signaling pathway-mediated oxidative stress and that ferroptosis causes myocardial fibrosis in the advanced stages of CHF. We also found that promoting the expression of miR-351 can inhibit the expression of MLK3, and significantly improve cardiac function in mice subjected to TAC. These results suggest the pyroptosis and ferroptosis induced by MLK3 signaling in cardiomyocytes are essential for adverse myocardial fibrosis, in response to pressure overload. Furthermore, miR-351, which has a protective effect on ventricular remodeling in heart failure caused by pressure overload, may be a key target for the regulation of MLK3.

/pdf/pyroptosis-and-ferroptosis-induced-by-mixed-lineage-kinase-3-4jm8ia1awq.pdf

Pyroptosis and ferroptosis induced by mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) signaling in cardiomyocytes are essential for myocardial fibrosis in response to pressure overload.

In the following short review an attempt has been made to collate recent work on the sweat glands of different species. Information on these glands is, however, limited and it has been necessary to generalize from sparse evidence; most of the physiological information, for example, has been obtained from study of domestic and only a few wild animals. It is hoped, however, that, in spite of the dangers of generalization, by presenting the available data in comparative terms it will provoke discussion and a challenging of present views.

Comparative physiology of sweating.

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the cytology of the secretion in mammalian sweat glands. The mammalian skin glands are repeatedly used as material for the study of cytology of secretion. Among the different kinds of skin glands, the sweat glands are widely distributed through almost all the species of mammals and vary remarkably in fine structure according to species. The human sweat glands are best differentiated as compared with those of nonhuman mammals. The secretory portion of the apocrine sweat glands is a glomerulum composed of secretory tubules whose cross diameters are different from place to place and often form strong dilatations. The secretory tubules sometimes send out a branch, which may end blindly or anastomose to the main tubule to form a ring. In the human skin, the apocrine sweat glands in the axillary region are best developed and have the most complicated glomerulum. The wall of the secretory tubule of the apocrine sweat glands consists of two different kinds of cells, the glandular secretory cells and the contractile myoepithelial cells. Another characteristic of the sweat glands is wide variations in structure and function, which are explained in the chapter.

Cytology of the secretion in mammalian sweat glands

Neuroendocrine control of sweat glands.

SummaryA method for collection of sweat under a vapor barrier from animal foot pad is presented. The average electrolyte composition of sweat from the cat foot pad was found to be (in meq/1) sodium 171, chloride 144, and potassium 23.2.

Comparative Physiology of Sweat.

The plantar sweat glands of the rat have been studied by light and electron microscopy. These glands differ from conventional eccrine sweat glands of man, other primates, and cats in that the secretory segment contains only one type of secretory cell. This cell is characterized by a relatively nondescript cytoplasm containing numerous vesicles, extensive interdigitations of adjacent plasma membranes and small microvilli projecting into the lumen. In the resting gland, two types of cells can be distinguished on the basis of mitochondrial morphology. Some cells contain mitochondria in condensed configurations, and others contain mitochondria in the more orthodox configuration. Following stimulation, these differences are not pronounced; and the condensed mitochondria have evidently changed into more orthodox mitochondria in appearance. No distinct cytologic pathway for secretion could be defined, correlated with the most unusual ionic composition of the sweat in this animal (very high levels of potassium). The sweat glands of the rat foot pad then are unique as compared with other cutaneous glands both in their cytologic appearance and in the chemical composition of the sweat they elaborate.

The histophysiology of rat plantar sweat glands

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Comparative Physiology of Sweat.

The histophysiology of rat plantar sweat glands