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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Introducao A doenca cardiovascular (DCV) e a principal causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo, determinando aumento da morbidade e incapacidade ajustadas pelos anos de vida. Embora as taxas de mortalidade e disability-adjusted life year (DALY) padronizadas por idade estejam diminuindo no Brasil, possivelmente como resultado de politicas de saude bem-sucedidas, o numero total destas esta aumentando principalmente devido ao envelhecimento e adoecimento da populacao. A presenca dos fatores de risco classicos (hipertensao, dislipidemia, obesidade, sedentarismo, tabagismo, diabetes e [...]

https://abccardiol.org/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/0066-782X-abc-113-04-0787/0066-782X-abc-113-04-0787.pdf

Updated Cardiovascular Prevention Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology - 2019.

Objective
Most smokers gain weight after quitting, and some develop new onset obesity and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the current science investigating the consequences of tobacco cessation on body weight and diabetes, as well as intervention strategies that minimize or prevent weight gain while still allowing for successful tobacco cessation.

Methods
Systematic reviews and relevant studies that were published since prior reviews were selected.

Results
Smoking cessation can cause excessive weight gain in some individuals and can be associated with clinically significant outcomes such as diabetes or obesity onset. Interventions that combine smoking cessation and weight control can be effective for improving cessation and minimizing weight gain but need to be tested in specific populations.

Conclusions
Despite the health benefits of quitting tobacco, post-cessation weight gain and new onset obesity and diabetes are a significant concern. Promising interventions may need to be more widely applied to reduce the consequences of both obesity and tobacco use.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/oby.21582

The effect of tobacco cessation on weight gain, obesity, and diabetes risk

Weight gain after smoking cessation can lessen the health benefits of, and reduce the incentives for, quitting smoking. Randomized clinical trials of smoking cessation have estimated this weight gain only over short periods of follow-up. We provide an estimate of long-term post-cessation weight gain in the Framingham Heart Study, a prospective observational study. We identified 2001 smokers free of diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease in 1952. Using the parametric g-formula we estimated mean weight in 1972 if all smokers had quit at baseline versus if all had continued smoking. Our estimates were adjusted for demographic, socio-economic, and clinical factors at baseline and during follow-up. The estimated mean weight (95 % CI) at 20 years if all smokers had quit smoking was 75.2 kg (73.5, 76.6), compared with 70.2 kg (68.7, 71.8) if they had smoked 20 cigarettes/day and 73.4 kg (71.9, 74.6) if they had smoked 5 cigarettes/day (i.e., an estimated mean weight gain of 5.1 kg (3.1, 6.6) and 1.8 kg (0.8, 2.8), respectively). Smokers who were overweight or obese at baseline had a greater post-cessation weight gain on average. Our estimates suggest that smoking cessation can result in increases in body weight over 20 years. While the benefits of smoking cessation outweigh the risks due to post-cessation weight gain, our results highlight the need for long-term weight management interventions in combination with smoking cessation.

/pdf/smoking-cessation-and-long-term-weight-gain-in-the-5391a1dpn1.pdf

Smoking cessation and long-term weight gain in the Framingham Heart Study: an application of the parametric g-formula for a continuous outcome.

Background Two-thirds of treatment-seeking smokers are obese or overweight. Most smokers are concerned about gaining weight after quitting. The average smoker experiences modest post-quit weight gain which discourages many smokers from quitting. Although evidence suggests that combined interventions to help smokers quit smoking and prevent weight gain can be helpful, studies have not been replicated in real world settings. Methods This paper describes recruitment and participant characteristics of the Best Quit Study, a 3-arm randomized controlled trial testing tobacco cessation treatment alone or combined with simultaneous or sequential weight management. Study participants were recruited via tobacco quitlines from August 5, 2013 to December 15, 2014. Results Statistical analysis on baseline data was conducted in 2015/2016. Among 5082 potentially eligible callers to a tobacco quitline, 2540 were randomized (50% of eligible). Compared with individuals eligible but not randomized, those randomized were significantly more likely to be female (65.7% vs 54.5%, p  Conclusions Adding weight management interventions to tobacco cessation quitlines was feasible and acceptable to smokers. If successful for cessation and weight outcomes, a combined intervention may provide a treatment approach for addressing weight gain with smoking cessation through tobacco quitlines. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01867983 .

Implementation, recruitment and baseline characteristics: a randomized trial of combined treatments for smoking cessation and weight control.

Concerns about postcessational weight gain might hamper rather than encourage smokers to quit smoking. We conducted a comprehensive multi-institutional smoking cessation program for health care and industrial workers (n = 654) employed at University Hospital Basel (Switzerland) and two local health industry companies (Novartis International AG, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG). The program contained counselling with an option of pharmacological support. Changes in body weight were observed during 24 months of follow-up. Factors associated with longitudinal weight gain (>5 % of baseline weight) were identified by cox-regression analysis. In 51 % of permanent quitters no significant changes of mean body weight were observed after 12 (0.52 kg, SD ±2.87 kg) and 24 months (0.40 kg, SD ± 2.99 kg). Marked weight gain following smoking cessation was characterized by a wide margin of changes. In more than a half of former smokers (58 %) weight increases were moderate ( 10 kg) were seen in only 10 % of quitters. Lower baseline BMI (HR 0.60, 95 % CI 0.40- 0.80, p = 0.03), daily consumption of less than ten cigarettes (HR 0.53, 95 % CI 0.27- 0.63, p = 0.04) and ischemic cardiopathy (HR 0.21, 95 % CI 0.07-0.62; p < 0.01) were associated with a lower risk for weight gain. Employees with lower educational levels (HR 2.60, 95 % CI 1.60-5.50, p < 0.01), diabetes mellitus (HR 3.05, 95 % CI 2.20-8.06, p = 0.02) and those smoking to reduce boredom in life (HR 1.68, 95 % CI 1.21-2.33, p < 0.01) were at highest risk. Marked postcessational weight gain occurs less often than expected, but remains difficult to be predicted. Our findings might be helpful to alleviate weight concerns in the average smoker willing to quit.

/pdf/predictors-of-marked-weight-gain-in-a-population-of-health-3to0b7ijba.pdf

Predictors of marked weight gain in a population of health care and industrial workers following smoking cessation

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Predictors of marked weight gain in a population of health care and industrial workers following smoking cessation