In vitro tissue/organ models are useful platforms that can facilitate systematic, repetitive, and quantitative investigations of drugs/chemicals. The primary objective when developing tissue/organ models is to reproduce physiologically relevant functions that typically require complex culture systems. Bioprinting offers exciting prospects for constructing 3D tissue/organ models, as it enables the reproducible, automated production of complex living tissues. Bioprinted tissues/organs may prove useful for screening novel compounds or predicting toxicity, as the spatial and chemical complexity inherent to native tissues/organs can be recreated. In this Review, we highlight the importance of developing 3D in vitro tissue/organ models by 3D bioprinting techniques, characterization of these models for evaluating their resemblance to native tissue, and their application in the prioritization of lead candidates, toxicity testing, and as disease/tumor models.

3D Bioprinting of Tissue/Organ Models.

A newly developed polyacrylamide-co-methyl acrylate/spiropyran (SP) hydrogel crosslinked by SP mechanophore demonstrates multi-stimuli-responsive and mechanically strong properties. The hydrogels not only exhibit thermo-, photo-, and mechano-induced color changes, but also achieve super-strong mechanical properties (tensile stress of 1.45 MPa, tensile strain of ≈600%, and fracture energy of 7300 J m-2 ). Due to a reversible structural transformation between spiropyran (a ring-close) and merocyanine (a ring-open) states, simple exposure of the hydrogels to white light can reverse color changes and restore mechanical properties. The new design approach for a new mechanoresponsive hydrogel is easily transformative to the development of other mechanophore-based hydrogels for sensing, imaging, and display applications.

A Novel Design of Multi-Mechanoresponsive and Mechanically Strong Hydrogels

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are emerging as future approaches for the treatment of acute and chronic diseases. Numerous clinical conditions exist today and include congenital disorders, trauma, infection, inflammation, and cancer, in which hard and soft tissue damage, organ failure and loss are still not treated effectively. Researchers are constantly developing new biomaterials and tissue-engineered technologies to stimulate tissue regeneration. Various emerging approaches according to organ, tissue, disease and disorder are identified. Irrespective, engineered biomaterials are required to regenerate and ultimately reproduce the original physiological, biological, chemical, and mechanical properties. Biodegradable materials have been used extensively as regenerative therapies. The selection, design, biological and physicochemical properties of these materials are important and must be considered for stimulating tissue growth. In this review, we critique recently developed biodegradable materials for tissue regeneration of some targeted organs e.g., skin, nerves, blood vessels, heart, cornea, trachea, dental/oral structure and bones.

/pdf/recent-concepts-in-biodegradable-polymers-for-tissue-1k0hncgsty.pdf

Recent concepts in biodegradable polymers for tissue engineering paradigms: a critical review

Hydrogels have long been explored as attractive materials for biomedical applications given their outstanding biocompatibility, high water content, and versatile fabrication platforms into materials with different physiochemical properties and geometries. Nonetheless, conventional hydrogels suffer from weak mechanical properties, restricting their use in persistent load-bearing applications often required of materials used in medical settings. Thus, the fabrication of mechanically robust hydrogels that can prolong the lifetime of clinically suitable materials under uncompromising in vivo conditions is of great interest. This review focuses on design considerations and strategies to construct such tough hydrogels. Several promising advances in the proposed use of specialty tough hydrogels for soft actuators, drug delivery vehicles, adhesives, coatings, and in tissue engineering settings are highlighted. While challenges remain before these specialty tough hydrogels will be deemed translationally acceptable for clinical applications, promising preliminary results undoubtedly spur great hope in the potential impact this embryonic research field can have on the biomedical community.

Specialty Tough Hydrogels and Their Biomedical Applications

Severe ocular surface disease can result in limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), a condition leading to decreased visual acuity, photophobia, and ocular pain. To restore the ocular surface in advanced stem cell deficient corneas, an autologous or allogenic limbal stem cell transplantation is performed. In recent years, the risk of secondary LSCD due to removal of large limbal grafts has been significantly reduced by the optimization of cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation (CLET). Despite the great successes of CLET, there still is room for improvement as overall success rate is 70% and visual acuity often remains suboptimal after successful transplantation. Simple limbal epithelial transplantation reports higher success rates but has not been performed in as many patients yet. This review focuses on limbal epithelial stem cells and the pathophysiology of LSCD. State-of-the-art therapeutic management of LSCD is described, and new and evolving techniques in ocular surface regeneration are being discussed, in particular, advantages and disadvantages of alternative cell scaffolds and cell sources for cell based ocular surface reconstruction.

/pdf/limbal-stem-cell-deficiency-current-treatment-options-and-2st51oytyc.pdf

Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency: Current Treatment Options and Emerging Therapies

http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:760088/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Functional fabrication of recombinant human collagen–phosphorylcholine hydrogels for regenerative medicine applications

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Functional fabrication of recombinant human collagen–phosphorylcholine hydrogels for regenerative medicine applications