https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1214&context=sms_facpub

An overview of approaches and challenges for retrieving marine inherent optical properties from ocean color remote sensing.

Aquatic color radiometry remote sensing of coastal and inland waters: Challenges and recommendations for future satellite missions

Optical proxy for phytoplankton biomass in the absence of photophysiology: Rethinking the absorption line height

Estimating oceanic primary productivity from ocean color remote sensing: A strategic assessment

 During the BIOSOPE field campaign October–December 2004, measurements of inherent optical properties from the surface to 500 m depth were made with a ship profiler at stations covering over 8000 km through the Southeast Pacific Ocean Data from a ~3000 km section containing the very clearest waters in the central gyre are reported here The total volume scattering function at 117°, βt(117°), was measured with a WET Labs ECO-BB3 sensor at 462, 532, and 650 nm with estimated uncertainties of 2×10-5, 5×10-6, and 2×10-6 m−1 sr−1, respectively These values were approximately 6%, 3%, and 3% of the volume scattering by pure seawater at their respective wavelengths From a methodological perspective, there were several results: – distributions were resolvable even though some of the values from the central gyre were an order of magnitude lower than the lowest previous measurements in the literature; – Direct in-situ measurements of instrument dark offsets were necessary to accurately resolve backscattering at these low levels; – accurate pure seawater backscattering values are critical in determining particulate backscattering coefficients in the open ocean (not only in these very clear waters); the pure water scattering values determined by Buiteveld et al (1994) with a [1+03S/37] adjustment for salinity based on Morel (1974) appear to be the most accurate estimates, with aggregate accuracies as low as a few percent; and – closure was demonstrated with subsurface reflectance measurements reported by Morel et al (2007) within instrument precisions, a useful factor in validating the backscattering measurements This methodology enabled several observations with respect to the hydrography and the use of backscattering as a biogeochemical proxy: –The clearest waters sampled were found at depths between 300 and 350 m, from 235° S, 118° W to 26° S, 114° W, where total backscattering at 650 nm was not distinguishable from pure seawater; –Distributions of particulate backscattering bbp across the central gyre exhibited a broad particle peak centered ~100 m; –The particulate backscattering ratio typically ranged between 04% and 06% at 650 nm through the majority of the central gyre from the surface to ~210 m, indicative of "soft" water-filled particles with low bulk refractive index; and – bbp showed a distinct secondary deeper layer centered ~230 m that was absent in particulate attenuation cp data The particulate backscattering ratio was significantly higher in this layer than in the rest of the water column, reaching 12% in some locations This high relative backscattering, along with the pigment composition and ecological niche of this layer, appear to be consistent with the coccolithophorid Florisphaera profunda Moreover, results were consistent with several expectations extrapolated from theory and previous work in oceanic and coastal regions, supporting the conclusion that particulate and total backscattering could be resolved in these extremely clear natural waters

/pdf/optical-backscattering-properties-of-the-clearest-natural-14vidh4662.pdf

Optical backscattering properties of the "clearest" natural waters

The temperature and salt dependencies of absorption by liquid water
(H2O) and heavy
water
(D2O) were determined using a hyperspectral absorption and attenuation meter (WET Labs,
AC-S). Sodium chloride (NaCl) was used as a proxy for seawater salts. There was no
significant temperature
(ΨT) or salt
(ΨS) dependency of absorption at wavelengths
<550 nm. At
wavelengths
>550 nm,
ΨT exhibited peaks at
∼604, 662, and
740 nm. A small negative trough
in
ΨS occurred at
∼590 nm, followed by a small positive peak
∼620 nm, a larger negative
trough at
∼720 nm, and a strong positive peak at
∼755 nm. The salt dependency of absorption
by heavy water,
ΨsH, exhibited a negative power-law shape with very low
ΨsH, at wavelengths
>550 nm.
Our experiments with NaCl, clean open ocean seawater, and artificial seawater support
the hypothesis that salts modify the absorption spectra of seawater by modifying the molecular
matrix and vibrations of pure water.

https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/ht24wk99k

Hyperspectral temperature and salt dependencies of absorption by water and heavy water in the 400-750 nm spectral range.

A method and apparatus for controlling the motion of a cable-driven autonomous moored profiler. The profiler includes one or more buoyant members for buoying the profiler in the fluid, a winch, and a feedback controller for controlling the winch. The winch includes a spool, a device providing for varying rates of turning of the spool, and a flexible cable for winding onto and unwinding from the spool. A first end of the cable is carried by the profiler. The controller monitors an indication of the tension in the cable and controls the device in response thereto.

Method and apparatus for controlling the motion of an autonomous moored profiler

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Hyperspectral temperature and salt dependencies of absorption by water and heavy water in the 400-750 nm spectral range.

Method and apparatus for controlling the motion of an autonomous moored profiler