There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation

비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

Because of the remarkably high theoretical energy output, metal–air batteries represent one class of promising power sources for applications in next-generation electronics, electrified transportation and energy storage of smart grids. The most prominent feature of a metal–air battery is the combination of a metal anode with high energy density and an air electrode with open structure to draw cathode active materials (i.e., oxygen) from air. In this critical review, we present the fundamentals and recent advances related to the fields of metal–air batteries, with a focus on the electrochemistry and materials chemistry of air electrodes. The battery electrochemistry and catalytic mechanism of oxygen reduction reactions are discussed on the basis of aqueous and organic electrolytes. Four groups of extensively studied catalysts for the cathode oxygen reduction/evolution are selectively surveyed from materials chemistry to electrode properties and battery application: Pt and Pt-based alloys (e.g., PtAu nanoparticles), carbonaceous materials (e.g., graphene nanosheets), transition-metal oxides (e.g., Mn-based spinels and perovskites), and inorganic–organic composites (e.g., metal macrocycle derivatives). The design and optimization of air-electrode structure are also outlined. Furthermore, remarks on the challenges and perspectives of research directions are proposed for further development of metal–air batteries (219 references).

Metal–air batteries: from oxygen reduction electrochemistry to cathode catalysts

Reduction kinetics of thin and thick cupric oxide films at room temperature by hydrazine

Mixed pillared clays having good thermal stabilities and high surface areas are prepared by liquid phase methods in which either (a) a discrete multi-metallic hydroxy polymer having a definite chemical formula is prepared prior to mixing with a swelling clay or (b) at least two separate metal hydroxy polymers are prepared and mixed with the swelling clay in respective amounts to satisfy selected percentages of the cationic exchange capacity of the clay. A schematic representation of a swelling clay is illustrated in Figure 1. An aluminum hydroxy polymer and at least one separate transition metal hydroxy polymer may be mixed with a smectite clay and the mixed pillared clay reduced to produce metallic transition metal domains.

Process of preparing mixed pillared clays and reduction products thereof

With the development of new classes of high-speed vessels like LCAC, which are expected to ingest high amounts of salt particulates, it is of vital importance to develop a new class of filtration m...

Characterization of Dirt Holding Capacity of Microfiber-Based Filter Media Using Thermal Impedance Spectroscopy

A vessel packed with a microfibrous media made of micron-sized highly conductive fibers, which are able (and may be used) to immobilize various reactive materials including catalysts, sorbents, electrocatalysts, and other chemically reactive solids. The vessel enables fine temperature control and a uniform temperature profile for a range of highly endothermic or exothermic chemical reactions, sorptions, separation processes, mixing operations, and heat transfer applications.

Microfibrous media for optimizing and controlling highly exothermic and highly endothermic reactions/processes

Resonant electrons below 60 eV which are detected during conversion-electron Mossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) provide surface-specific signals which decrease exponentially with application of metallic overlayers up to 5.0 nm in thickness. Nonresonant electrons below 60 eV, arising from straggling and multiple-scattering events deep within the film, decrease only slightly in intensity with overlayer thickness. Using this noted difference, two different empirical procedures have been developed/adapted to extract the CEMS spectrum of a 0.3 nm oxide surface layer from a bulk iron target. Collection of low-energy electrons offers the advantages of short data acquisition times and increased surface sensitivity compared to established procedures relying on the collection of electrons near 7.3 keV. These techniques should prove useful for studies of surface reactivity, buried interfaces and surface magnetism.

Depth deconvolution of 57Fe conversion-electron Mössbauer spectra using electrons below 60 eV

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