Contributing Authors: Tarekegn Abeku (Ethiopia), Isabelle Cote (Canada), Mark Dyurgerov (USA), Martin Edwards (UK), Kristie L. Ebi (USA), Nicole Estrella (Germany), Donald L. Forbes (Canada), Bernard Francou (France), Andrew Githeko (Kenya), Vivien Gornitz (USA), Wilfried Haeberli (Switzerland), John Hay (New Zealand), Anne Henshaw (USA), Terrence Hughes (Australia), Ana Iglesias (Spain), Georg Kaser (Austria), R. Sari Kovats (UK), Joseph Lam (China), Diana Liverman (UK), Dena P. MacMynowski (USA), Patricia Morellato (Brazil), Jeff T. Price (USA), Robert Muir-Wood (UK), Peter Neofotis (USA), Catherine O’Reilly (USA), Xavier Rodo (Spain), Tim Sparks (UK), Thomas Spencer (UK), David Viner (UK), Marta Vicarelli (Italy), Ellen Wiegandt (Switzerland), Qigang Wu (China), Ma Zhuguo (China)

/pdf/assessment-of-observed-changes-and-responses-in-natural-and-4pllyavkl2.pdf

Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems

Mountains, Climate and Biodiversity: A comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis for students and researchers Mountains are topographically complex formations that play a fundamental role in regional and continental-scale climates. They are also cradles to all major river systems and home to unique, and often highly biodiverse and threatened, ecosystems. But how do all these processes tie together to form the patterns of diversity we see today? Written by leading researchers in the fields of geology, biology, climate, and geography, this book explores the relationship between mountain building and climate change, and how these processes shape biodiversity through time and space. •In the first two sections, you will learn about the processes, theory, and methods connecting mountain building and biodiversity •In the third section, you will read compelling examples from around the world exploring the links between mountains, climate and biodiversity •Throughout the 31 peer-reviewed chapters, a non-technical style and synthetic illustrations make this book accessible to a wide audience •A comprehensive glossary summarises the main concepts and terminology Readership: Mountains, Climate and Biodiversity is intended for students and researchers in geosciences, biology and geography. It is specifically compiled for those who are interested in historical biogeography, biodiversity and conservation.

Mountains, climate and biodiversity

Pollen and macrofossils were analyzed at two sites above today's treeline (or tree limit) in the Swiss Central Alps (Gouille Loere, 2503 m a.s.l., and Lengi Egga, 2557 m a.s.l.) to test two contrasting hypotheses about the natural formation of timberline (the upper limit of closed forest) in the Alps. Our results revealed that Pinus cembra–Larix decidua forests near timberline were rather closed between 9000 and 2500 B.C. (9600–4000 14C yr BP), when timberline fluctuations occurred within a belt 100–150 m above today's tree limit. The treeline ecocline above timberline was characterized by the mixed occurrence of tree, shrub, dwarf-shrub, and herbaceous species, but it did not encompass more than 100–150 altitudinal meters. The uppermost limit reached by timberline and treeline during the Holocene was ca. 2420 and 2530 m, respectively, i.e., about 120 to 180 m higher than today. Between 3500 and 2500 B.C. (4700–4000 14C yr BP) timberline progressively sank by about 300 m, while treeline was lower...

/pdf/uppermost-limit-extent-and-fluctuations-of-the-timberline-162ikxf2uk.pdf

Uppermost Limit, Extent, and Fluctuations of the Timberline and Treeline Ecocline in the Swiss Central Alps during the past 11,500 Years

Charcoal: Taphonomy and significance in geology, botany and archaeology

https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/81398/1/Perez_Sanz_Holocene_Climate_variability_QSR2013.pdf

Holocene climate variability, vegetation dynamics and fire regime in the central Pyrenees: The Basa de la Mora sequence (NE Spain)

The uppermost limits of past treelines in the Alps are established using soil type and soil charcoal mass. In all the studied sites, a sharp decrease of soil charcoal mass is correlated with the upper altitudinal limit of podzols. On the basis of this evidence, the uppermost tree limit reached 2500 +/- 100 m a.s.l. in the Valaisan Alps during the Holocene, i.e., it was 250 +/- 100 in higher than today's potential treeline. Consequently, the timberline would have reached 2400 +/- 100 m a.s.l.. From the strong decline of charcoals concentration in soils above 2500m a.s.l., we infer that conifer species were rare or very rare above this altitude during the Holocene. Joint interpretation of charcoal, pollen, soil and macrofossil data suggest that alpine meadows with at most scattered conifers were present throughout the Holocene in the today's middle and upper alpine belt.

Past uppermost tree limit in the Central European Alps (Switzerland) based on soil and soil charcoal

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Past uppermost tree limit in the Central European Alps (Switzerland) based on soil and soil charcoal