Phase Diversity (PD) is a wavefront-sensing technology that offers certain advantages in an Adaptive-Optics
(AO) system. Historically, PD has not been considered for use in AO applications because computations have
been prohibitive. However, algorithmic and computational-hardware advances have recently allowed use of PD
in AO applications. PD is an attractive candidate for AO applications for a variety of reasons. The optical
hardware required is simple to implement and eliminates non-common path errors. In addition, PD has also
been shown to work well with extended scenes that are encountered, for example, when imaging low-contrast solar
granulation. PD can estimate high-order continuous aberrations as well as wavefront discontinuities characteristic
of segmented-aperture or sparse-aperture telescope designs. Furthermore, the fundamental information content
in a PD data set is shown to be greater than that of the correlation Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor for the
limiting case of unresolved objects. These advantages coupled with recent laboratory results (extended-scene
closed-loop AO with PD sampling at 100 Hz) highlight the maturation of not only the PD concept and algorithm
but the technology as an emerging and viable wavefront sensor for use in AO applications.

Phase-diverse adaptive optics for future telescopes

Space-variant blur occurs when imaging through volume turbulence over sufficiently large fields of view, and it is particularly severe in horizontal-path imaging and slant-path (air- to-ground or ground-to-air) geometries. We report on pre and post-detection correction methods based on the method of Phase-Diverse-Speckle (PDS), and demonstrate its potential for dramatic improvement via simulation results.

Imaging through volume turbulence by using phase-diverse speckle

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Imaging through volume turbulence by using phase-diverse speckle