Fundamental aspects of energy dissipation in friction.

This review provides an overview of recent advances that have been achieved in understanding the basic physics of friction and energy dissipation in molecularly thin adsorbed films and the associated impact on friction at microscopic and macroscopic length scales. Topics covered include a historical overview of the fundamental understanding of macroscopic friction, theoretical treatments of phononic and electronic energy dissipation mechanisms in thin films, and current experimental methods capable of probing such phenomena. Measurements performed on adsorbates sliding in unconfined geometries with the quartz crystal microbalance technique receive particular attention. The final sections review the experimental literature of how measurements of sliding friction in thin films reveal energy dissipation mechanisms and how the results can be linked to film-spreading behavior, lubrication, film phase transitions, superconductivity-dependent friction, and microelectromechanical systems applications. Materials s...

Friction and energy dissipation mechanisms in adsorbed molecules and molecularly thin films

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has become a popular method to study the formation of surface-confined films that consist of discrete biomolecular objects--such as proteins, phospholipid vesicles, virus particles--in liquids. The quantitative interpretation of QCM data--frequency and bandwidth (or, equivalently, dissipation) shifts--obtained with such films is limited by the lack of understanding of the energy dissipation mechanisms that operate in these films as they are sheared at megahertz frequencies during the QCM experiment. Here, we investigate dissipation mechanisms in such films experimentally and by finite-element method (FEM) calculations. Experimentally, we study the adsorption of globular proteins and virus particles to surfaces with various attachment geometries: direct adsorption to the surface, attachment via multiple anchors, or attachment via a single anchor. We find that the extent of dissipation caused by the film and the evolution of dissipation as a function of surface coverage is not dependent on the internal properties of these particles but rather on the geometry of their attachment to the surface. FEM calculations reproduce the experimentally observed behavior of the dissipation. In particular, a transient maximum in dissipation that is observed experimentally is reproduced by the FEM calculations, provided that the contact zone between the sphere and the surface is narrow and sufficiently soft. Both a small-angle rotation of the sphere in the flow field of the background fluid (rocking) and a small-amplitude slippage (sliding) contribute to the dissipation. At high coverage, lateral hydrodynamic interactions between neighboring spheres counteract these modes of dissipation, which results in a maximum in dissipation at intermediate adsorption times. These results highlight that, in many scenarios of biomolecular adsorption, the dissipation is not primarily determined by the adsorbate itself, but rather by the link by which it is bound to the substrate.

/pdf/dissipation-in-films-of-adsorbed-nanospheres-studied-by-2j5vtdbkkk.pdf

Dissipation in films of adsorbed nanospheres studied by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM).

This article reveals that the mass sensitivity of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is acceleration dependent and this feature is not specific to only the QCM, but also is valid in the case of other balances. During quartz crystal vibration a megagravity field is created at the surface of the quartz resonator. The existence of this field is demonstrated using C‐nanoparticles deposition. It is shown that the product of the minimum detectable mass and the acceleration acting on that mass is a constant for both QCM and beam balances, thus, explaining why QCM is more sensitive than are conventional analytical microbalances. The article introduces the concept of acceleration‐dependent mass sensitivity and explains the origins of QCM sensitivity to a liquid viscosity. Based on this concept, several fundamental principles for mass measurements are formulated. I thank Romulus V. Bucur and Errol EerNisse for useful discussions and to Rolf Berger for reading the manuscript and helpful suggestions.

/pdf/from-quartz-crystal-microbalance-to-fundamental-principles-56j6otwgkv.pdf

From Quartz Crystal Microbalance to Fundamental Principles of Mass Measurements

We have measured the force required to slide one- and two-atom-thick solid films of xenon along a Ag(111) surface, and observe that the friction associated with the bilayer is approximately 25% greater than that associated with the monolayer. Our result sheds new light on the nature of atomic-scale frictional energy dissipation mechanisms, and demonstrates how localized to an interface such mechanisms can be.

Sliding Friction of Solid Xenon Monolayers and Bilayers on Ag(111)

We report highly accurate measurements of the vibrational amplitude of a transverse shear mode quartz resonator, obtained by directly imaging the surface oscillatory motion with a scanning tunneling microscope. Amplitude measurements, performed over a range of resonator drive levels and quality factors, agree with theoretical predictions to within a factor of two.

/pdf/scanning-tunneling-microscope-measurements-of-the-amplitude-2pha3ymwl9.pdf

Scanning tunneling microscope measurements of the amplitude of vibration of a quartz crystal oscillator

Recent observations of superconductivity-dependent friction in nitrogen films adsorbed on lead substrates have inspired a number of theoretical and experimental efforts to understand the origins of this phenomenon. The status of these efforts is discussed, focussing on the role of electronic contributions to friction.

/pdf/on-the-current-status-of-quartz-crystal-microbalance-studies-591kbzg52u.pdf

On the current status of quartz crystal microbalance studies of superconductivity-dependent sliding friction

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Scanning tunneling microscope measurements of the amplitude of vibration of a quartz crystal oscillator

On the current status of quartz crystal microbalance studies of superconductivity-dependent sliding friction