It is a privilege to be able to contribute to this volume in which Professor Zervas’ friends, students, and colleagues have joined together to honor him and his remarkable contributions to peptide chemistry. Although I did not know him until after his days in the Bergmann Laboratory at the Rockefeller Institute, I can claim the distinction of now working in those very same rooms that they occupied back in the mid-1930s. Like all peptide chemists, I am greatly indebted to Professor Zervas, having depended so heavily on the carbobenzoxy group and on the various modified urethan protecting groups which have been direct extensions of the revolutionary advance that Bergmann and Zervas made.

Solid-phase peptide synthesis.

Squaramides are remarkable four-membered ring systems derived from squaric acid that are able to form up to four hydrogen bonds. A high affinity for hydrogen bonding is driven through a concomitant increase in aromaticity of the ring. This hydrogen bonding and aromatic switching, in combination with structural rigidity, have been exploited in many of the applications of squaramides. Substituted squaramides can be accessed via modular synthesis under relatively mild or aqueous conditions, making them ideal units for bioconjugation and supramolecular chemistry. In this tutorial review the fundamental electronic and structural properties of squaramides are explored to rationalise the geometry, conformation, reactivity and biological activity.

Squaramides: physical properties, synthesis and applications

Montmorillonite KSF as an Inorganic, Water Stable, and Reusable Catalyst for the Knoevenagel Synthesis of Coumarin-3-carboxylic Acids.

Birch bark research and development

Triazine-based covalent organic polymers (COPs) constructed from triazine or nitrile containing precursors via covalent bonding are becoming an important sub-class of porous organic framework materials for a range of applications. In particular, these materials have been proposed as a new catalyst or support material for a variety of liquid phase organic transformation reactions owing to their tunable porous structures with high surface area, high nitrogen contents, high stability in both organic and aqueous media, and relatively easy synthesis. This review article summarizes the current research activities devoted to the synthesis and characterization of new triazine-based COP materials, and their applications for heterogeneous catalysis aiming at fine chemicals synthesis are presented with critical comments.

Triazine-based covalent organic polymers: design, synthesis and applications in heterogeneous catalysis

The reaction of squaric acid (1,2-dihydroxycyclobutene-3,4-dione) with aniline in N,Ndimethylformamide and other solvents produces not exclusively the 1,3-dianilino derivative (1,3-dianilinocyclobutenediylium 2,4-diolate, 3a), as was maintained in the earlier literature, but additionally furnishes the 1,2-dianilino isomer (1,2-dianilinocyclobutene-3,4-dione, 2a). The 3a:2a isomer ratio is found to depend on the acidity of the medium; the ratio decreases as the solvent acidity is enhanced. The proposed mechanism accounting for the concurrent formation of both isomers involves the intermediacy of anilinium anilinosquarate ( 5 ) in dissociation equilibrium with anilinosquaric acid (7) and its conjugate base, anilinosquarate anion, with both acid and anion implicated as substrates in the further nucleophilic attack steps leading to the two dianilino isomers. The reaction of squaric acid with piperidine is also briefly investigated.

Dianilino derivatives of squaric acid

Steroids and related natural products-X: reduction of lactones

Electronic and N(1s) x-ray photoelectron spectra of the 1,2- and 1,3-dianilides of squaric acid

This report delineates the conditions necessary for the successful use of the soluble-polymer method of peptide synthesis and illustrates it with the preparation of a pentapeptide.

Peptide synthesis by the soluble-polymer technique

The synthesis of 5-,6- and 7-hydroxycoumarins by dehydrogenation of the corresponding 3,4-dihydro-derivatives obtained by aluminium chloride-catalysed reaction of dihydric phenols or their derivatives with methyl acrylate is reported. The compound previously described as 5-hydroxydihydrocoumarin has been proved to be 3,4,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2-b: 5,4-b′]dipyran-2,8-dione on the basis of spectral evidence and synthesis.

Coumarins and related compounds. Part IV. Aluminium chloride-catalysed reaction of phenols with methyl acrylate: a new approach to the synthesis of hydroxycoumarins

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