Eited by A ild A nelsen Moving Ahead with REDD Issues, Options and Implications Mving Aead ith REDD Isues, O pions nd Im plitions REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) is based on a simple idea: pay developing countries to reduce CO2 emissions from the forest sector. Nevertheless, design and implementation of a REDD system raise many hard questions: How are emissions reductions monitored, reported and veri ed? How should REDD be nanced? Should payments be directed to countries, projects, or both? How should reference levels be set? How are non-permanence and leakage accounted? How to achieve REDD co-bene ts and avoid doing harm?

/pdf/moving-ahead-with-redd-issues-options-and-implications-3us2e2ovgw.pdf

Moving ahead with REDD: issues, options and implications

https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/1300.pdf

The costs of the Kyoto protocol in the European Union

Energy is an important commodity in many economic activities. Its usage affects the environment via CO2 emissions and the Greenhouse Effect. Modeling the energy-economy-environment-trade linkages is an important objective in applied economic policy analysis. Previously, however, the modeling of these linkages in GTAP has been incomplete. This is because energy substitution, a key factor in this chain of linkages, is absent from the standard model specification. This technical paper remedies this deficiency by incorporating energy substitution into the standard GTAP model. It begins by first reviewing some of the existing approaches to this problem in contemporary CGE models. It then suggests an approach for GTAP which incorporates some of these desirable features of energy substitution. The approach is implemented as an extended version of the GTAP model called GTAP-E, which includes the standard GTAP model as a special case. In addition, GTAP-E incorporates carbon emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels and this revised version of GTAP-E provides for a mechanism to trade these emissions internationally. The resulting behavior of agents in the model is analyzed using general equilibrium demand elasticities which summarize the combined effect of the new model specification. Implications for policy analysis are demonstrated via a simple simulation experiment in which global carbon emissions are reduced via a carbon tax. Results show that incorporating energy substitution into GTAP is essential for conducting analysis of this problem. The policy relevance of GTAP-E in the context of the existing debate about climate change is illustrated by some simulations of the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. It is hoped that the proposed model will be used by individuals in the GTAP network who may not be themselves energy modelers, but who require a better representation of the energy-economy linkages than is currently offered in the standard GTAP model.

/pdf/gtap-e-an-energy-environmental-version-of-the-gtap-model-3uu0j0be7p.pdf

GTAP-E: An Energy-Environmental Version of the GTAP Model

Inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation

Adaptation and mitigation: trade-offs in substance and methods

We present the Canberra-Hamburg Integrated Model for Population (CHIMP), a new global population model for long-term projections. Distinguishing features of this model, compared to other model for secular population projections, are that (a) mortality, fertility, and migration are partly driven by per capita income; (b) large parts of the model have been estimated rather than calibrated; and (c) the model is in the public domain. Scenario experiments show similarities but also differences with other models. Similarities include rapid aging of the population and an eventual reversal of global population growth. The main difference is that CHIMP projects substantially higher populations, particularly in Africa, primarily because our data indicate a slower fertility decline than assumed elsewhere. Model runs show a strong interaction between population growth and economic growth, and a weak feedback of climate change on population growth.

/pdf/chimp-a-simple-population-model-for-use-in-integrated-4fk3kygchj.pdf

CHIMP: A simple population model for use in integrated assessment of global environmental change

In this paper ABARE's Global Trade and Environment Model (GTEM) is used to analyse the potential of international emissions trading as a mechanism for helping to achieve the abatement commitments agreed to in the Kyoto Protocol. The prospect of two emission trading blocs, one consisting of the European Union and eastern Europe and the other consisting of many of the remaining Annex I regions, is also considered. The analysis shows that the carbon penalty varies significantly across regions when no emissions trading is allowed. In aggregate, the cost of abatement to Annex I regions falls with emissions trading. Under the assumption of the two trading blocs, the carbon penalty in the European bloc is higher than with full Annex I trading. The paper also considers the impact on developing countries and the role of carbon leakage in determining the economic impacts on Annex I regions.

The Kyoto Protocol: An Economic Analysis Using GTEM

To address the problem of human induced climate change effectively, climate policy must embody the principles of economic efficiency, environmental effectiveness and equity. In this paper it is shown that such a climate change policy should include a broad coverage of major greenhouse gases and sources. ABARE's Global Trade and Environment Model (GTEM) is used to analyse

Benefits of Multi-Gas Mitigation: An Application of the Global Trade and Environment Model (GTEM)

The report provides an assessment of the economic impacts of alternative emission abatement policies on Annex I (developed) and non-Annex I (developing) countries. It also provides a comparative analysis of uniform emission abatement strategies with emission trading schemes. The results in the report are based on analysis using MEGABARE, ABARE`s model of the world economy. The report is a contribution to international climate change policy development, produced to aid discussions leading up to the Conference of the Parties in Kyoto, December 1997. 75 refs., 56 figs., 20 tabs.

The economic impact of international climate change policy

ABARE project 1555 The linking of seasonal climate forecasting to agricultural models and decision support tools is receiving considerable attention in Australia. The emphasis on developing these linkages is justified given the importance of agriculture to export earnings and to the Australian economy, and given the extreme variability of weather patterns, particularly of rainfall, in the agricultural areas of Australia.

/pdf/use-of-el-nino-climate-forecasts-in-australia-2j1r8zvagu.pdf

Use of El Niño Climate Forecasts in Australia

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