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Using Multivariate Statistics

NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein Penguin Books, 2009, 312 pp, ISBN 978-0-14-311526-7This book is best described formally as a general explanation of and advocacy for libertarian paternalism, a term coined by the authors in earlier publications. Informally, it is about how leaders, systems, organizations, and governments can nudge people to do the things the nudgers want and need done for the betterment of the nudgees, or of society. It is paternalism in the sense that "it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behavior in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better", (p. 5) It is libertarian in that "people should be free to do what they like - and to opt out of undesirable arrangements if they want to do so", (p. 5) The built-in possibility of opting out or making a different choice preserves freedom of choice even though people's behavior has been influenced by the nature of the presentation of the information or by the structure of the decisionmaking system. I had never heard of libertarian paternalism before reading this book, and I now find it fascinating.Written for a general audience, this book contains mostly social and behavioral science theory and models, but there is considerable discussion of structure and process that has roots in mathematical and quantitative modeling. One of the main applications of this social system is economic choice in investing, selecting and purchasing products and services, systems of taxes, banking (mortgages, borrowing, savings), and retirement systems. Other quantitative social choice systems discussed include environmental effects, health care plans, gambling, and organ donations. Softer issues that are also subject to a nudge-based approach are marriage, education, eating, drinking, smoking, influence, spread of information, and politics. There is something in this book for everyone.The basis for this libertarian paternalism concept is in the social theory called "science of choice", the study of the design and implementation of influence systems on various kinds of people. The terms Econs and Humans, are used to refer to people with either considerable or little rational decision-making talent, respectively. The various libertarian paternalism concepts and systems presented are tested and compared in light of these two types of people. Two foundational issues that this book has in common with another book, Network of Echoes: Imitation, Innovation and Invisible Leaders, that was also reviewed for this issue of the Journal are that 1 ) there are two modes of thinking (or components of the brain) - an automatic (intuitive) process and a reflective (rational) process and 2) the need for conformity and the desire for imitation are powerful forces in human behavior. …

Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness

Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.)

(1975). Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 29, Humanist Issues in Architecture, pp. 32-32.

Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values

Interviewing in Qualitative Research

Like their private-sector countezparts, park and recreation managers have become increasingly interested in improving the quality of services provided to their customers. This trend has produced a spate of studies in both the marketing and the parks and recreation literature. Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of service quality are described. A measurement teclmique, SERVQUAL, was adapted to assess user's perceptions of services quality at eight county recreation centers. The original SERVQUAL instrument, and the subsequent variants used in park and recreation settings, were determined to be too generic to yield information with sufficient specificity to correct service performance in individual recreation centers in this study. This paper describes the procedures for developing a customized service quality survey instrument based on SERVQUAL's principles, then illustrates its uses in diagnosing and improving service quality. Management applications and recommendations for implementing SERVQUAL-based approaches in park and recreation settings are discussed.

Assessing Perceptions of Recreation Center Service Quality: An Application of Recent Advancements in Service Quality Research

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) for predicting backcountry visitors’ behavioral intentions to comply with recommended Leave No Trace practices. Once confirmed, factors predictive of behavioral intentions can be used to inform the development of more effective persuasive communication strategies and educational messaging. Study participants were overnight backcountry visitors to either Olympic National Park, Washington, or Glacier National Park, Montana. The final model explained over 44% of the variance in the dependent variable, but significant predictors differed between the two parks. Discussion is provided as well as suggestions for those charged with disseminating Leave No Trace messaging.

Predicting Behavioral Intentions to Comply with Recommended Leave No Trace Practices

Understanding perceptions of global environmental issues, such as climate change, can help inform resource management, policy development, and communication with constituents. Although a considerable amount of research documents citizens’ perceptions of climate change, few have investigated how interactions with climate-impacted parks and protected areas influence these perceptions, and consequently elements of environmental management. Using a mixed methods Instrument Development Approach, the researchers examined the stability of park visitors’ (N = 429) climate change perceptions during a daylong interaction with climate-sensitive and influenced resources at Kenai Fjords National Park in Alaska. Results indicate that global-level beliefs about climate change remained relatively stable during a park experience, but perceptions about climate change at the park-level (e.g., impacts) appeared more malleable. Findings also revealed the type of park experience (terrestrial vs. marine) can influence the degree of change in visitors’ perceptions. Implications for communication, outreach, and park management are discussed.

Visiting a Climate-Influenced National Park: The Stability of Climate Change Perceptions

Concern about closure of private, rural lands to outdoor recreation has been documented in the research literature for several decades. While many reasons for this phenomenon have been posited, liability for recreational injuries has been identified as a particularly worrisome problem for landowners. However, landowners9 perceptions of liability are not commensurate with the reality of legal risks. This article examines rural landowner liability risks through an analysis of the 50 state recreation-use statutes intended to protect landowners from legal exposure tied to injuries sustained on their land. Further, data from the 637 appellate court cases heard since 1965 involving recreational injuries were compiled and analyzed based on the characteristics of the landowner (public or private), recreation activity pursued at the time of injury, and actual liability exposure. Although the focus of this article is primarily on the liability risks of private landowners and organizations, public agencies also are discussed. Recreation-use statutes are increasingly used in government defense, and cases provide more depth in understanding the reality of landowner liability. Recommendations to agencies concerned with access to private lands and suggestions for future research are included.

Rural landowner liability for recreational injuries: myths, perceptions, and realities.

Wildlife administrators' perceptions of hunter access problems: a national overview

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