A study was carried out to investigate the influence of the initial powder features on the microstructure, the phase composition, and on the mechanical properties of WC-12%Co samples produced by binder jetting and densified by sintering in vacuum at 1400 °C and by sinter-HIPing. The initial powder consisted of a mixture of fine-grained and coarse-grained WC-based particles, and W2C-based ones. The density of the printed samples was 97.4% and 99.3% after sintering and sinter-HIPing, respectively. Layer-oriented porosity was observed only in sintered samples. The microstructure of the samples consisted of a mixture of fine and coarse WC grains, which can be the result of the coalescence of grains from anomalous coarse grains in the powder particles. Vickers hardness and transverse rupture strength of sinter-HIPed samples are 1205 HV and 2257 MPa, respectively, which is coherent with the microstructural analysis and close to coarse-grained commercial products.

Mechanical and microstructural characterization of WC-Co consolidated by binder jetting additive manufacturing

Nickel and nickel alloys

A novel method for the additive manufacturing of Ni/WC composite coatings via laser wire deposition is introduced in this work. The processing characteristics of the typical wire transfer modes, including the liquid spreading transfer mode, wire plunging transfer mode, and wire stubbing transfer mode, were analyzed by a high-speed camera system. The phase compositions and microstructural features were clarified by material characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dissolution mechanism of the ceramic particles and the microstructural evolution of the coatings obtained under these three wire transfer modes are also discussed. The hardness and wear resistance of the coatings were evaluated using a microhardness tester and a dry sliding wear tester. The results showed that laser deposition with wire plunging transfer mode could effectively avoid the burning and sinking of the ceramic particles in the coatings, resulting a continuous coating with a high volume fraction of retained particles and a low degree of dilution. The coating had a uniform microstructure which was primarily composited of Ni-based solid solution matrix, retained WC/W2C particles, in-situ synthesized WC, M6C, and Ni/Ni3B lamellar eutectic structure. The coating fabricated with wire plunging transfer mode possessed higher hardness and minimum wear loss.

A novel method to fabricate Ni/WC composite coatings by laser wire deposition: Processing characteristics, microstructural evolution and mechanical properties under different wire transfer modes

Abstract Hardmetals are materials employed to produce cutting and forming tools as well as wear resistant parts. Standard powder metallurgy suffers limitations in the manufacturing of shapes required by application-oriented design. Therefore, there is interest for the implementation of additive manufacturing, in particular low temperature techniques as binder jetting because they allow to preserve microstructures and peculiar properties. In our work, the powder was tungsten carbide with 12 wt.% cobalt (WC-Co). Shaping by binder jetting was followed by curing treatment to promote the binder polymerization, vacuum sintering and sinter-HIP to achieve near-full density. The powder was analysed in terms of size and shape, to determine its suitability for the procedure. Then, the effects of different combinations of printing parameters, layer thickness (50–100 μm) and binder saturation (60/75/90%), on the density of the green bodies were analysed. Finally, the relative density of the sintered components was measured and the pores shape and size were studied by SEM imaging, to assess possible consequences of the deposition procedure. Vickers hardness along the samples cross-section was measured and correlated to the printing conditions employed.

https://doi.org/10.1080/26889277.2022.2076617

Effect of printing parameters on sintered WC-Co components by binder jetting

Master sintering curve of binary mutually immiscible molybdenum-copper powders

A design of experiment matrix was successfully applied to the LENS® technology to produce a series of WC-9.2wt%Ni (Monel) thin walls and cubes. The alloys were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, electron probe micro-analysis, Vickers hardness, X-ray diffraction and porosity. ANOVA regression and multiple parameter refinements allowed for the production of some high-density depositions. The lowest porosity of 2.5% was obtained using a laser beam power of 220 W, traverse speed of 4.5 mm/s, powder feed rate of 11.9 g/min, hatch overlap of 50% and a z-increment of 0.4 mm, with the 2.5% porosity contribution being attributed due to lack of fusion and oxygen entrapment during deposition. An increase in the laser beam diameter resulted in severe cracking and indicated that depositions retained better geometric and material properties when the laser beam was kept at a reduced diameter. The tungsten carbide microstructure varied from the base-plate-alloy interface to the final deposited layer, with a higher density of spheroids at the interface region and the formation of a bimodal microstructure near the surface regions. This was attributed to increasing fracture of the carbides as each new layer is deposited. This variation in microstructure resulted in a hardness gradient which increased from the base-plate-alloy interface to the surface due to the grain refinement and microstructural alterations as successive layers were deposited.

Laser engineered net shaping of WC-9.2wt%Ni alloys: A feasibility study

To assess if a WC-9.2wt%Monel 400 alloy properties could be improved using LENS, one alloy was deposited onto a heated substrate and a second alloy was subjected to laser remelting of the final deposited layer. Microstructural characterization was performed using XRD, FESEM, EPMA, and Raman spectroscopy. Multiple microstructures were observed with eutectic, fishbone, and Fe/W-rich dendrites present in the fusion zone at the substrate-alloy interface, while needle-like, triangular and blocky carbides were found in the central regions, with acicular microstructures in the surface region. The alloy deposited onto the heated substrate had less eutectic and more fishbone structures in the fusion region. The laser remelted surface layer had a more homogenous acicular structure with minimal binder pooling compared to the other alloys. The spheroidal, cast WC/W2C powder particles were found to have core-rim structures after laser sintering. These microstructural variations resulted in a gradient hardness profile from the substrate-alloy interface to the alloy surface. The surface hardness of the laser remelted alloy was found to be significantly higher compared to the other alloys.

Microstructure characterization of WC-9.2wt%Monel 400 fabricated using laser engineered net shaping

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Brandon Davoren

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Laser engineered net shaping of WC-9.2wt%Ni alloys: A feasibility study

Microstructure characterization of WC-9.2wt%Monel 400 fabricated using laser engineered net shaping