Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification to cell surface and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as well as to lipids. As a result, cells carry a dense coat of carbohydrates on their surfaces that mediates a wide variety of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that are crucial to development and function. Because of the historical difficulties with the analysis of complex carbohydrate structures, a detailed understanding of their roles in biology has been slow to develop. Just as mass spectrometry has proven to be the core technology behind proteomics, it stands to play a similar role in the study of functional implications of carbohydrate expression, known as glycomics. This review summarizes the state of knowledge for the mass spectrometric analysis of oligosaccharides with regard to neutral, sialylated, and sulfated compound classes. Mass spectrometric techniques for the ionization and fragmentation of oligosaccharides are discussed so as to give the reader the background to make informed decisions to solve structure-activity relations in glycomics.

Mass spectrometry of oligosaccharides.

Various monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and small polysaccharides were labelled covalently at their reducing end groups with the fluorophore 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid (ANTS), and the resulting fluorescent derivatives were separated by high-resolution PAGE. The electrophoretic mobilities of the labelled saccharides are related largely to the compounds' Mr values, but they are also influenced by the individual chemical structures of the saccharides. Various positional isomers and some epimers, for instance galactose and glucose, were resolved. Oligosaccharide and small polysaccharide derivatives, prepared from an enzymic digest of starch, each differing in size by a single hexose residue and with a range of degrees of polymerization from 2 to 26, were all resolved in a single gel. The method was relatively rapid and simple to perform. It enabled multiple samples to be analysed in parallel with high sensitivity. The fluorescent-labelling procedure was virtually quantitative. As little as 1 pmol of ANTS-labelled saccharide was detected photographically when the gels were illuminated by u.v. light. When the gels were viewed using an imaging system based on a cooled charge-coupled device, as little as 0.2 pmol was detected. The method may be useful for the structural analysis of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoconjugates and other naturally occurring oligosaccharides.

/pdf/the-use-of-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis-for-the-high-ytsi4q7jk6.pdf

The use of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis for the high-resolution separation of reducing saccharides labelled with the fluorophore 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid. Detection of picomolar quantities by an imaging system based on a cooled charge-coupled device.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses practical aspects of fast atom bombardment–mass spectrometry (FAB–MS) and electrospray–mass spectrometry (ES–MS), including data interpretation, and describes examples of experimental strategies incorporating all three mass spectrometric methods, which are best suited to the analysis of glycoproteins, complex carbohydrates (including glycolipids), and glycosaminoglycans, respectively. In ES–MS technique a stream of liquid containing the sample of interest is injected directly into the ES source where the sample molecules are stripped of solvent, leaving them as multiply charged species whose charges reflect the number of functional groups that can be protonated (positive ion mode) or deprotonated (negative ion mode) at the pH of the carrier liquid. Two fragmentation pathways dominate carbohydrate FAB-MS, namely, A-type cleavage and β cleavage. A-type cleavage occurs on the nonreducing side of glycosidic bonds to give oxonium-type fragment ions and is the dominant pathway for permethyl and peracetyl derivatives. Cleavage is favored at amino sugar residues. A-type fragment ions are extremely helpful for structure assignments. β cleavage also involves glycosidic fission but, because a hydrogen transfer accompanies bond breakage, no charge is produced at the actual cleavage site as occurs during A-type cleavage.

Mass Spectrometry of Carbohydrate-Containing Biopolymers

Derivatization of carbohydrates for analysis by chromatography; electrophoresis and mass spectrometry

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry for structural elucidation of glycoconjugates

Structural characterization of oligosaccharides by high-performance liquid chromatography, fast-atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, and exoglycosidase digestion☆

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Brad Ackerman

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Structural characterization of oligosaccharides by high-performance liquid chromatography, fast-atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, and exoglycosidase digestion☆