Triplet excitons in organic molecules underscore a variety of processes and technologies as a result of their long lifetime and spin multiplicity Organic phosphorescence, which originates from triplet excitons, has potential for the development of a new generation of organic optoelectronic materials and biomedical agents However, organic phosphorescence is typically only observed at cryogenic temperatures and under inert conditions in solution, which severely restricts its practical applications In the past few years, room-temperature-phosphorescent systems have been obtained based on organic aggregates Rapid advances in molecular-structure design and aggregation-behaviour modulation have enabled substantial progress, but the mechanistic picture is still not fully understood because of the high sensitivity and complexity of triplet-exciton behaviour This Review analyses key photophysical processes related to triplet excitons, including intersystem crossing, radiative and non-radiative decay, and quenching processes, to illustrate the intrinsic structure–property relationships and draw clear and integrated design principles The resulting strategies for the development of efficient and persistent room-temperature-phosphorescent systems are discussed, and newly emerged applications based on these materials are highlighted Advances in molecular-structure design and modulation of the aggregation behaviour have enabled much progress in the observation of room-temperature phosphorescence from organic aggregates This Review analyses key photophysical processes related to triplet excitons, illustrating the intrinsic structure–property relationships and identifying strategies to design efficient and persistent room-temperature-phosphorescent systems

Room-temperature phosphorescence from organic aggregates

Since the introduction of the concept of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) in 2001, many research groups have become involved in AIE research. Aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have emerged as a novel type of advanced material with excellent performance in various fields. Much effort has been devoted to determining the AIE mechanism(s) by theoreticians and experimentalists. Restriction of intramolecular motion has been recognized as the general working mechanism of AIE, but the mechanims of some AIE systems still remain unclear. In this focus article, the progress of the fundamental understanding of the AIE mechanism is reviewed and the future developments in AIE research are discussed. The goal is to provide a brief yet insightful introduction and interpretation of the subject to both new and experienced AIE researchers.

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Aggregation-induced emission: fundamental understanding and future developments

Clusterization-triggered emission: Uncommon luminescence from common materials

Polymer‐based materials have evoked increasing attention in the research field of room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) because they can not only possess fantastic properties such as good flexibility, easy processing, low cost, high thermal stability and so forth, but also serve as rigid matrices to suppress the nonradiative decay process and thus contribute to phosphorescence emission at room temperature. This Review outlines the development of RTP in organic polymer‐based materials from the perspective of nondoped and doped polymer systems, containing the detailed photophysical properties, luminescent mechanisms and their applications. The conclusion and outlook are presented to point out the advances and challenges for further study of polymer‐based metal‐free RTP materials.

Recent Advances in Polymer-Based Metal-Free Room-Temperature Phosphorescent Materials

Antifouling membrane surface construction: Chemistry plays a critical role

Intrinsic emission from nonconjugated polymers has attracted considerable attention owing to its fundamental importance and intensive applications in diverse fields. The emission mechanism, however, is still in debate. Herein, nonconjugated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) molecules are found to be virtually nonluminescent in dilute solutions, while being highly emissive when concentrated or aggregated as nanosuspensions, solid powders, and films, exhibiting distinct aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics. Moreover, triplet emissions of delayed fluorescence and room temperature phosphorescence are detected from the solid powders. Such unique emission of nonconjugated PAN is ascribed to the formation of cyano clusters, which act as the exact chromophores. In these clusters, through space electronic interactions, namely overlap of π and lone pair (n) electrons among cyano groups extend the conjugation and meanwhile rigidify the molecular conformations, thus offering remarkable emission upon irradiation. The AIE phenomenon can also be well rationalized by the formation of cyano clusters together with conformation rigidification. And the triplet emissions shall be originated from the n-π* transition owing to the presence of lone pairs. It is believed that such clustering-triggered emission mechanism is instructive for further development of unorthodox luminogens.

Clustering-Triggered Emission of Nonconjugated Polyacrylonitrile.

Physical blending with hydrophilic nanoparticles (NPs) is generally adopted to improve the performance of hydrophobic membranes. Stable immobilization of the NPs remains challenging due to the weak bonding. Covalent bonding is expected to overcome this problem. Herein, γ-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxy silane (MPTS) was grafted onto PVDF membranes, affording a versatile materials platform to firmly anchor hydroxyl-rich nanomaterials (HRNs) (TiO2, SiO2, β-FeOOH-1, β-FeOOH-2, etc.) via a facile dehydration process. The stability of the resulting hybrid PVDF-g-PMPTS/HRN membranes is remarkably improved, as evidenced by their almost unchanged water contact angles even under ultrasonication for 30 min. The immobilization yield of HRNs, hydrophilicity, roughness and water flux of the membranes are enhanced with increasing graft degree of PMPTS. The resulting hybrid membranes exhibit much better water flux recovery ratio and BSA rejection ratio compared to the pristine PVDF membrane, owing to their excellent anchoring stability and outstanding hydrophilicity. This work provides a general effective chemical route to the construction of hybrid hydrophilic membranes with high performance.

Towards high-performance hybrid hydrophilic membranes: chemical anchoring of hydroxyl-rich nanoparticles on PVDF membranes via a silane coupling agent

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Clustering-Triggered Emission of Nonconjugated Polyacrylonitrile.

Towards high-performance hybrid hydrophilic membranes: chemical anchoring of hydroxyl-rich nanoparticles on PVDF membranes via a silane coupling agent