We consider the possibility that monoatomic terrace edges undergo a morphological instability during epitaxial Istep-flowR growth. A linear stability analysis predicts that such an instability can occur, but only when the energy barriers to adatom attachment to steps differ for adatoms that approach a step from opposite directions. The instability is diffusional in origin and manifests itself as a distinct waviness or meandering of the terrace edges as they propagate across the crystal. Our results, presented in the form of a morphological phase diagram, show that single-crystal growth on a vicinal surface can pass from stable step flow to unstable step flow to two-dimensional island nucleation and spreading as one increases the incident flux in a molecular-beam-epitaxy experiment at elevated temperature. The instability we predict should be readily distinguishable from simple thermal fluctuations.

Morphological instability of a terrace edge during step-flow growth

This article reviews the various theories of polymer crystallization which have been proposed over the last thirty years. Their background in thermodynamics and crystal growth theories of simple substances is laid out in some detail. This provides the basis for a discussion of the application of surface nucleation and surface roughening concepts to polymer crystallization. The widely used nucleation model of Lauritzen and Hoffman is examined in depth with emphasis on its consistency with experimental evidence and including its recent modifications and extensions. Alternative approaches are also analyzed, in particular Point's ‘multipath’ model and the ‘roughness/pinning’ model by Sadler and Gilmer, but also ‘molecular nucleation’ and ‘chain sliding’. The aim of this article is to lead to a better understanding of the basic hypotheses of the various models and to give guidance to the theorist in improving the models as well as to the experimentalist in interpreting his/her data. It will hopefully make the subject more accessible and stimulate discussion and further research directed at resolving the controversial issues.

Polymer crystallization theories

Effect of roughness and shape factor on flotation characteristics of glass beads

Dynamics at the solid-liquid transition: Experiments at the freezing point

Growth and etching kinetics of tetragonal lysozyme

Interfacial Aspects of Phase Transformations

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Interfacial Aspects of Phase Transformations