Spike (S) proteins of coronaviruses, including the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), associate with cellular receptors to mediate infection of their target cells Here we identify a metallopeptidase, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), isolated from SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-permissive Vero E6 cells, that efficiently binds the S1 domain of the SARS-CoV S protein We found that a soluble form of ACE2, but not of the related enzyme ACE1, blocked association of the S1 domain with Vero E6 cells 293T cells transfected with ACE2, but not those transfected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 receptors, formed multinucleated syncytia with cells expressing S protein Furthermore, SARS-CoV replicated efficiently on ACE2-transfected but not mock-transfected 293T cells Finally, anti-ACE2 but not anti-ACE1 antibody blocked viral replication on Vero E6 cells Together our data indicate that ACE2 is a functional receptor for SARS-CoV

/pdf/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2-is-a-functional-receptor-for-hpdqdzfgvb.pdf

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus.

Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses.

Since its identification in April 2009, an A(H1N1) virus containing a unique combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine lineages has continued to circulate in humans. The lack of similarity between the 2009 A(H1N1) virus and its nearest relatives indicates that its gene segments have been circulating undetected for an extended period. Its low genetic diversity suggests that the introduction into humans was a single event or multiple events of similar viruses. Molecular markers predictive of adaptation to humans are not currently present in 2009 A(H1N1) viruses, suggesting that previously unrecognized molecular determinants could be responsible for the transmission among humans. Antigenically the viruses are homogeneous and similar to North American swine A(H1N1) viruses but distinct from seasonal human A(H1N1).

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/early/2009/05/22/science.1176225.full.pdf

Antigenic and Genetic Characteristics of Swine-Origin 2009 A(H1N1) Influenza Viruses Circulating in Humans

Coronaviruses are large, enveloped RNA viruses of both medical and veterinary importance. Interest in this viral family has intensified in the past few years as a result of the identification of a newly emerged coronavirus as the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). At the molecular level, coronaviruses employ a variety of unusual strategies to accomplish a complex program of gene expression. Coronavirus replication entails ribosome frameshifting during genome translation, the synthesis of both genomic and multiple subgenomic RNA species, and the assembly of progeny virions by a pathway that is unique among enveloped RNA viruses. Progress in the investigation of these processes has been enhanced by the development of reverse genetic systems, an advance that was heretofore obstructed by the enormous size of the coronavirus genome. This review summarizes both classical and contemporary discoveries in the study of the molecular biology of these infectious agents, with particular emphasis on the nature and recognition of viral receptors, viral RNA synthesis, and the molecular interactions governing virion assembly.

The molecular biology of coronaviruses.

Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite of animals. Until 1988, it was misidentified as Toxoplasma gondii. Since its first recognition in dogs in 1984 and the description of the new genus and species Neospora caninum in 1988, neosporosis has emerged as a serious disease of cattle and dogs worldwide. Abortions and neonatal mortality are a major problem in livestock operations, and neosporosis is a major cause of abortion in cattle. Although antibodies to N. caninum have been reported, the parasite has not been detected in human tissues. Thus, the zoonotic potential is uncertain. This review is focused mainly on the epidemiology and control of neosporosis in cattle, but worldwide seroprevalences of N. caninum in animals and humans are tabulated. The role of wildlife in the life cycle of N. caninum and strategies for the control of neosporosis in cattle are discussed.

/pdf/epidemiology-and-control-of-neosporosis-and-neospora-caninum-3wbu38pknw.pdf

Epidemiology and Control of Neosporosis and Neospora caninum

BACKGROUND Torque teno viruses (TTVs) have been detected worldwide, from a wide range of animals. Up to date, few studies focused on the prevalence of TTVs in general and swine torque teno viruses (TTSuVs) in particular in Korean swine farms. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the appearance of TTSuVs and TTVs in sick pigs during the 2017-2018 period. MATERIALS AND METHODS Molecular-based method using TTSuV1-, TTSuV2- and TTV3-specific primers was used to screen for the viruses from either sera or pooled internal organs of sick pigs. For genetic characterization, genomic sequences of TTVs were sequenced by a primer walking method. Several bioinformatic tools have been utilized to investigate the genomic organization and genetic relationship of TTVs. RESULTS Two years of prevalence survey reveal that the prevalence of TTSuV2 is about twice that of TTSuV1. Furthermore, we identified TTV of genogroup 3 in swine pooled organ samples. The genome of two strains, M265_Korea_2017 and N119_Korea_2018, are 3,817 bp in size; M265_2017 has three open reading frames (ORFs); and N119_2018 strain has four ORFs. The complete genome nucleotide sequencing of the two strains shows 98.4% homology, and the phylogenetic analysis of Open reading frame (ORF)1 indicates that the strains are located close to TUPB strain subgroup C of genogroup 3. CONCLUSION Our study provided the information of TTSuVs prevalence in swine farms in Korea and highlighted the presence of TTV genogroup 3 strains in pigs.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/vms3.505

Torque teno virus from Korean domestic swine farms, 2017-2018.

/pdf/recent-outbreaks-and-emergence-of-mutants-of-porcine-175y57gd4s.pdf

Recent Outbreaks and emergence of mutants of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses (PEDV) in Korea

It has been reported that the production of miniature animals contributes to the organ transplantation. Among many species, pig is the most fittable species to human in the point of comparative biology. However, the physiological and biochemical analysis were not conducted between miniature pigs and conventionally reared pigs. Thus, we analyzed whether there was a difference of physiological parameters between miniature pigs and conventionally bred pigs. The levels of respiratory frequency and heart rate were significantly not different between two groups. Total number of red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean corpuscular hematocrit (MCH), and mean corpuscular hematocrit concentration (MCHC) were higher in miniature pigs than in conventionally reared pigs. However, total number of white blood cells (WBC) and leukocyte differential counting were not different between two groups. In addition, the value of serum electrolytes was not different between two groups. In the experiment of serum biochemical analysis, albumin and uric acid were increased but blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol were decreased in miniature pigs compared to conventionally reared pigs. The biochemical value and organ weight in this study may contribute to understanding of the physiological characteristics of miniature pigs.

Comparative Analysis of Various Blood Chemical Values between Miniature Pigs and Conventional Pigs

A total of 339 Enterococcus faecalis strains were isolated from pork production chain, slaughterhouses, processing plants and retails, and were compared with human infection strains for investigating the transmission from animal to human via food production chain. From slaughterhouses to retails, most of antimicrobial resistances and multidrug resistance rates decreased or were not changed significantly. Meanwhile, the prevalence rate of strong or moderate biofilm-forming isolates was highest at retails. In the result of random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction analysis, there was no strain persisting along the pork production chain or being similar to human strains. Consequently, it is suggested that E. faecalis strains from pork meat would not be delivered to humans by consumption of pork.



Practical Applications

Through investigation of antimicrobial resistant bacteria of the pork production chain of Korea, more information and relief would be provided to consumers and its results could help policy making in public health and food safety.

Characterization of Enterocccus faecalis Isolates from the Pork Meat Production Chain and Comparison with Human Clinical Isolates : E. faecalis from Pork Production Chain

Detection of potentially xenozoonotic viruses in the porcine ovary in Korea

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