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The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities.

This research uses a Marxist urban political ecology framework to link processes of urban environmental metabolization explicitly to the consumption fund of the built environment. Instead of reinventing the wheel, I argue in this paper that Marxist notions of metabolism are ideal for investigating urban environmental change and the production of uneven urban environments. In so doing, I argue that despite the embeddedness of Harvey's circuits of capital within urban political economy, these connected notions still have a great deal to offer regarding better understanding relations between consumption and metabolization of urban environments. From this theoretical perspective, I investigate urban socionatural metabolization as a function of the broader socioeconomic processes related to urban restructuring within the USA between 1962 and 1993 in the Indianapolis inner-city urban forest. The research examines the relations between changes in household income and changes in urban forest canopy cover. The res...

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1068/a37365

Green Urban Political Ecologies: Toward a Better Understanding of Inner-City Environmental Change:

Summary


1 As human populations increasingly live in cities, urban floras and the ecosystem services they provide are under increasing threat Understanding the effects of urbanization on plants can help to predict future changes and identify ways to preserve biological diversity Relatively few studies document changes through time in the flora of a focal region and those that do primarily address European floras They often rely on contemporary spatial gradient studies as surrogates for changes with time



2 We compare historical species records (prior to 1940) with the current flora for Marion County, Indiana, USA, home to Indianapolis, the 13th largest city in the United States Specimens from the Friesner Herbarium of Butler University and other vouchered records for the county provided the basis for historical records Current records are derived from inventories of 16 sites conducted by Herbarium staff and other botanists over the past 15 years



3 Physiognomic group, wetland classification and nativity (native vs non-native) were determined for each species Fidelity to high-quality habitat was quantified using coefficients of conservatism (C-values)



4 The last 70 years have seen a significant turnover in species presence, most notably a decrease in native plant species number (24 per year) and quality, with an accompanying increase in non-native plants of 14 per year Loss of species has been non-random, with a disproportionate number of high-quality wetland plants lost The signature of past land use can be seen in physiognomic changes in the composition of the flora that reflect the shift from agriculture to urban/suburban land use



5 Many invasive non-native shrubs now present have escaped from cultivation, highlighting the combined threats of habitat conversion and human plant preference to native flora in cities These invasives likely present the greatest threat to remaining biodiversity



6 Synthesis This study demonstrates the value well-documented historical records, such as those housed in herbaria, can have in addressing current ecological issues

/pdf/documenting-effects-of-urbanization-on-flora-using-herbarium-4jdr7d6537.pdf

Documenting effects of urbanization on flora using herbarium records.

Premise of the study Globally, urban plant populations are becoming increasingly important, as these plants play a vital role in ameliorating effects of ecosystem disturbance and climate change. Urban environments act as filters to bioregional flora, presenting survival challenges to spontaneous plants. Yet, because of the paucity of inventory data on plants in landscapes both before and after urbanization, few studies have directly investigated this effect of urbanization. Methods We used historical, contemporary, and regional plant species inventories for Indianapolis, Indiana USA to evaluate how urbanization filters the bioregional flora based on species diversity, functional traits, and phylogenetic community structure. Key results Approximately 60% of the current regional flora was represented in the Indianapolis flora, both historically and presently. Native species that survived over time were significantly different in growth form, life form, and dispersal and pollination modes than those that were extirpated. Phylogenetically, the historical flora represented a random sample of the regional flora, while the current urban flora represented a nonrandom sample. Both graminoid habit and abiotic pollination are significantly more phylogenetically conserved than expected. Conclusions Our results likely reflect the shift from agricultural cover to built environment, coupled with the influence of human preference, in shaping the current urban flora of Indianapolis. Based on our analyses, the urban environment of Indianapolis does filter the bioregional species pool. To the extent that these filters are shared by other cities and operate similarly, we may see increasingly homogenized urban floras across regions, with concurrent loss of evolutionary information.

Floristic response to urbanization: Filtering of the bioregional flora in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

Peri-urban natural areas, at the boundaries of cities and adjacent agricultural/ rural land, are subject to ecological threats endemic to both land use types. We used permanent plots to document changes in habitat quality by monitoring herbaceous-layer plant species presence and cover over a decade (1996/97 and 2007) in two peri-urban nature preserves in central Indiana, U.S.A. The preserves are comprised of different forest community types: wet-mesic depressional forest and mesic upland forest. Habitat characteristics, based on Floristic Quality Assessment parameters, showed only a single change for either preserve between survey years: wetness values were lower in the wet-mesic depressional site in 2007 than in 1996, indicating more plants with affinity for wet soil. No changes in community structure (total species richness, evenness, and diversity) were found. The number of nonnative species increased between survey years, especially in the wet-mesic depressional forest, where numbers went from zero to six, five of which are classified as invasive. There was considerable turnover in individual species presence, with perennial forb species the most likely species to be found in only 1 y or the other. Species did not rearrange themselves within plots, but completely appeared or disappeared from all plots within a preserve between the sample years, suggesting that species composition of the flora is dynamic. Management recommendations, including those related to evidence of heavy deer browse, are presented based on our findings. Repeat monitoring of our plots in future decades will allow quantification of any extinction debt that may now be in place due to the increased presence of nonnative species, especially invasive shrubs escaped from landscaping.

/pdf/changes-in-plant-species-composition-and-structure-in-two-2au1bxoxt3.pdf

Changes in Plant Species Composition and Structure in Two Peri-urban Nature Preserves over 10 Years

MARCH 2002 37 With the increased concern about the sustainability of urban areas, managers of urban environments are placing new emphasis on urban ecology and management of forests and other natural areas. Citing aesthetic, ecological, and energyrelated benefits, some cities and organizations have established ambitious goals for restoration of tree cover. When programs to achieve tree-cover goals are cast in terms of restoration, an implicit assumption is that managers know the types of ecosystems that should be recreated. In reality, our understanding of historical ecological structure and function is still evolving. In this paper we report on the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to integrate historic maps of vegetation (ca. 1820) and soils (1911) with more recent (1997) digital soils and wetland maps and multi-spectral satellite imagery to estimate changes in the area and distribution of natural areas in IndianapolisMarion County over time. The work was initiated by land managers and restoration specialists at the Indianapolis Department of Parks and Recreation who are responsible for development and management of a system of natural areas in the city, and frequently are asked to supply areas for mitigation projects. If these projects can be sited on areas that originally were occupied by the desired plant community, the projects may have a better chance of success (Mitsch and Gosselink 2000). Unfortunately, in Marion County, and many other urban areas, little is known about the original distribution of natural areas, and what is known generally has been difficult for land managers to access. The approach presented here provides a first approximation of the distribution of areas of medium/dense tree cover and change through time, which we believe is of general value to urban land managers.

Documenting changes in the natural environment of Indianapolis-Marion County from European settlement to the present

Project acronym: AQUISAFE 1

Plant parasitism and soil microbes: A tripartite interaction driving plant community structure Jordan C. Argrett1, Nina Wurzburger1, Y.A. Chung2 (1) Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia (2) Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia Hemiparasitic plants are common in many natural ecosystems and are known to influence community structure and ecosystem function. They connect to host plants through unique root structures called haustoria to establish a direct connection to its vascular system and form a living physiological bridge by which some nutrients, carbon, and water are extracted. In nutrient-limited ecosystems, hemiparasitic plants influence ecosystem processes and increase productivity through two primary pathways. (1) Hemiparasitic plants produce nutrient-rich and labile litter, stimulating microbial activity and increasing local decomposition rates (litter pathway). (2) Hemiparasitic plants reduce the abundance of dominant species via parasitism, thus facilitating the increase and coexistence of diverse co-occurring species (parasitism pathway). While past work on hemiparasites has focused on the direct impact on aboveground responses like host species and plant diversity, little is known about how these plants affect belowground processes. We aim to investigate the effects of hemiparasitic plants on neighboring plant population and community dynamics, nutrient cycling, and soil microbial communities by assessing their direct and litter-mediated effects. This work will provide a comparison of the two pathways, ultimately contributing to a greater understanding of how hemiparasites impact surrounding plant communities and ecosystem cycling. The gut microbial diversity of a Chagas disease vector varies across single and coinfection status throughout central Panama Kaylee M.H. Arnold1,2, Christina Varian1,2,3, Troy Kieran2,4, Azael Saldaña5, Franklin Samudio5, Jose Calazada5, Nicole Gottdenker1,2,3 (1) Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia (2) Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia (3) College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia (4) Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia (5) Gorgas Memorial Research Institute, Panama City, Panama Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi that is carried in the guts of bloodfeeding triatomine (kissing bug) vectors. Triatomines are often coinfected with the parasite T. rangeli, which is non-pathogenic to mammals but can reduce the fitness of their triatomine hosts. This study examined the gut microbial diversity of T. cruzi single-infected, coinfected, and uninfected triatomines (n = 288) throughout central Panama. We hypothesized that single and coinfected triatomines would have greater gut microbial diversity than uninfected individuals due to pathogen-microbe interactions within the gut, which may facilitate the proliferation of less dominant bacterial taxa. Coinfections were found in 13% of individuals (40/288), and there was significantly greater alpha diversity in coinfected individuals when compared to both single and uninfected samples (Dunn's test of multiple comparisons, p < 0.001). Furthermore, single T. cruzi infections were found in 32% of sampled individuals (91/288) and also displayed significantly greater alpha diversity when compared to uninfected individuals (Kruskal-Wallis H test, p < 0.001). Finally, the beta diversity of single and coinfected samples was significantly different to uninfected samples (PERMANOVA: p = 0.001). These results highlight triatomine gut microbial diversity patterns that may be influenced by infection status and will be important to consider when developing vector control strategies. Fish habitat associations in the Conasauga River and implications of climate change effects on species conservation Anna Y. Baynes1,2, Seth J. Wenger1,2, Mary C. Freeman1,2, Kyle S. McKay1,3 (1) Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia (2) River Basin Center, University of Georgia (3) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Flow is a key determinant of the ecological structure of a riverine ecosystem, but climate change could alter flows to which fishes have evolved. In the Southeastern US, a global hotspot of biodiversity, changing flows are a potential threat to fish communities that have already experienced declines in abundance and richness due to other anthropogenic factors. Our objective was to understand fish relationships with flowrelated microhabitat variables such as depth, velocity, Reynolds number and Froude’s number, while accounting for the effects of other habitat features such as vegetation, to guide fish conservation in a changing climate. We used a long-term data set of annual fish samples in the highly biodiverse Conasauga River, GA, to estimate occurrence and counts of 21 fish species as a function of habitat variables using generalized linear multiple regression models. Results showed that microhabitat models explained a substantial amount of the variation in counts for some species, although other species were poorly predicted. Associations with depth and velocity varied greatly among species, indicating different flow niches. We found some species had associations with specific habitat features, such as aquatic plants and woody debris, but not all our hypotheses about these associations were supported. The characterization of depths and velocities used by shoal-dwelling fish will allow us to understand the effects of future changes, such as increased frequency and severity of droughts, on populations. A wide variety of habitats need to be maintained in a changing climate to support the large fish diversity in the Conasauga River. Life stage specific effects of environmental stressors on epigenetic aging Emily M. Bertucci1,2, Marilyn W. Mason2, Junsoo Bae2, Benjamin B. Parrott1,2 (1) Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia (2) Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia Age-associated patterning of DNA methylation (“epigenetic aging”) is a strong predictor of biological age as it is correlated with chronological age, the onset of age-related disease, and all-cause mortality. Using measures of epigenetic age to explore the discrepancies between chronological and biological aging offers insight into the molecular determinants of variable life history trajectories. While previous work demonstrates that adverse environmental conditions are associated with accelerated biological aging, it is not clear if some life stages are more sensitive than others to environmental conditions. Given that age-associated methylation patterns are most dynamic during early life, we hypothesized that early life exposures to environmental stress would have disproportionate effects on epigenetic aging relative to adult exposures. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the relative contributions of environmental stressors applied during different life stages of medaka (Oryzias latipes). At two distinct life stages (early life: 7-weeks post hatch and adult life: 4-months post hatch) fish were exposed for 21 days to either methylmercury or exogenous cortisol. After exposure, all fish were reared to a common age of 6-months and assessed for biological age acceleration via several measures epigenetic age estimates, telomere length, and the degree of epigenetic drift. Our results shed light on life stage sensitivity of epigenetic aging and the potential mechanism by which the epigenome translates environmental stressors into accelerated biological aging trajectories. The adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in the American alligator Samantha Bock1,2, Yeraldi Loera3, Thomas Rainwater4, Benjamin B. Parrott1,2 (1) Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia (2) Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia (3) Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University (4) Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science, Clemson University Many ectotherms, including all crocodilians, rely on temperature cues experienced during development to determine offspring sex. Ever since the first descriptions of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) were made over 50 years ago, an understanding of its adaptive significance has remained elusive, especially in long-lived taxa. One novel hypothesis predicts that TSD should be evolutionarily favored when two criteria are met (1) incubation temperature influences juvenile survival and (2) sexes mature at different ages. Under these conditions, a sex-dependent effect of temperature on fitness arises through differences in age at sexual maturity, with the sex that matures later benefiting disproportionately from incubation temperatures that promote juvenile survival. Here, we test this hypothesis in the American alligator, a TSD species displaying a stark sex difference in age at first reproduction. By implementing a combination of artificial incubation experiments and mark-recapture methods, we disentangle the effects of incubation temperature and sex on annual survival in alligator hatchlings at two geographically distinct sites. Hatchlings incubated at male-promoting temperatures consistently exhibited higher survival compared to those incubated at female-promoting temperatures. Interestingly, this pattern appears independent of hatchling sex, as females incubated under male-promoting temperatures exhibited similar survival to their male counterparts. These findings support the hypothesis that TSD represents an adaptive sex-allocation strategy in this species. Ongoing work aims to understand the role of temperature-dependent hatchling phenotypes in mediating observed differences in early-life survival. Multivariate analyses of native and invasive plant community and the effects of deer exclusion in maritime forests Dessa L. Dunn1, Elizabeth G. King1,2, Nate P. Nibbelink2 (1) Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia (2) Warnell School of Fore

History of the Graduate Student Symposium Year GSS Organizer ( s ) Keynote Speaker Affiliation at the time 1995

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Documenting changes in the natural environment of Indianapolis-Marion County from European settlement to the present

Project acronym: AQUISAFE 1

History of the Graduate Student Symposium Year GSS Organizer ( s ) Keynote Speaker Affiliation at the time 1995