Regulation of Photosynthesis during Abiotic Stress-Induced Photoinhibition

Previous studies have reported that low temperature (LT) constrains plant growth and restricts productivity in temperate regions. However, the underlying mechanisms are complex and not well understood. Over the past ten years, research on the process of adaptation and tolerance of plants during cold stress has been carried out. In molecular terms, researchers prioritize research into the field of the ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway which is believed to be the important key to the cold acclimation process. Inducer of CBF Expression (ICE) is a pioneer of cold acclimation and plays a central role in C-repeat binding (CBF) cold induction. CBFs activate the expression of COR genes via binding to cis-elements in the promoter of COR genes. An ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway activates the appropriate expression of downstream genes, which encodes osmoregulation substances. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of cold stress tolerance in plants from molecular and physiological perspectives and other factors, such as hormones, light, and circadian clock. Understanding the process of cold stress tolerance and the genes involved in the signaling network for cold stress is essential for improving plants, especially crops.

https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/5/560/pdf

Physiological and Molecular Mechanism Involved in Cold Stress Tolerance in Plants.

Photosynthesis sustains plant life on earth and is indispensable for plant growth and development Factors such as unfavorable environmental conditions, stress regulatory networks, and plant biochemical processes limits the photosynthetic efficiency of plants and thereby threaten food security worldwide Although numerous physiological approaches have been used to assess the performance of key photosynthetic components and their stress responses, though, these approaches are not extensive enough and do not favor strategic improvement of photosynthesis under abiotic stresses The decline in photosynthetic capacity of plants due to these stresses is directly associated with reduction in yield Therefore, a detailed information of the plant responses and better understanding of the photosynthetic machinery could help in developing new crop plants with higher yield even under stressed environments Interestingly, cracking of signaling and metabolic pathways, identification of some key regulatory elements, characterization of potential genes, and phytohormone responses to abiotic factors have advanced our knowledge related to photosynthesis However, our understanding of dynamic modulation of photosynthesis under dramatically fluctuating natural environments remains limited Here, we provide a detailed overview of the research conducted on photosynthesis to date, and highlight the abiotic stress factors (heat, salinity, drought, high light, and heavy metal) that limit the performance of the photosynthetic machinery Further, we reviewed the role of transcription factor genes and various enzymes involved in the process of photosynthesis under abiotic stresses Finally, we discussed the recent progress in the field of biodegradable compounds, such as chitosan and humic acid, and the effect of melatonin (bio-stimulant) on photosynthetic activity Based on our gathered researched data set, the logical concept of photosynthetic regulation under abiotic stresses along with improvement strategies will expand and surely accelerate the development of stress tolerance mechanisms, wider adaptability, higher survival rate, and yield potential of plant species

/pdf/mechanisms-regulating-the-dynamics-of-photosynthesis-under-4brglhxox7.pdf

Mechanisms Regulating the Dynamics of Photosynthesis Under Abiotic Stresses

Salt stress can significantly affect plant growth and agricultural productivity. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are believed to play essential roles in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stresses. Here, we identify a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, salt tolerance receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 1 (STRK1), from rice (Oryza sativa) that positively regulates salt and oxidative stress tolerance. Our results show that STRK1 anchors and interacts with CatC at the plasma membrane via palmitoylation. CatC is phosphorylated mainly at Tyr-210 and is activated by STRK1. The phosphorylation mimic form CatCY210D exhibits higher catalase activity both in vitro and in planta, and salt stress enhances STRK1-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation on CatC. Compared with wild-type plants, STRK1-overexpressing plants exhibited higher catalase activity and lower accumulation of H2O2 as well as higher tolerance to salt and oxidative stress. Our findings demonstrate that STRK1 improves salt and oxidative tolerance by phosphorylating and activating CatC and thereby regulating H2O2 homeostasis. Moreover, overexpression of STRK1 in rice not only improved growth at the seedling stage but also markedly limited the grain yield loss under salt stress conditions. Together, these results offer an opportunity to improve rice grain yield under salt stress.

/pdf/the-receptor-like-cytoplasmic-kinase-strk1-phosphorylates-33bmchpdda.pdf

The Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinase STRK1 Phosphorylates and Activates CatC, Thereby Regulating H2O2 Homeostasis and Improving Salt Tolerance in Rice

To utilize intermittent renewable energy as well as achieve the goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality, various electrocatalytic devices have been developed. However, the electrocatalytic reactions, e.g., hydrogen evolution reaction/oxygen evolution reaction in overall water splitting, polysulfide conversion in lithium–sulfur batteries, formation/decomposition of lithium peroxide in lithium–oxygen batteries, and nitrate reduction reaction to degrade sewage, suffer from sluggish kinetics caused by multielectron transfer processes. Owing to the merits of accelerated charge transport, optimized adsorption/desorption of intermediates, raised conductivity, regulation of the reaction microenvironment, as well as ease to combine with geometric characteristics, the built-in electric field (BIEF) is expected to overcome the above problems. Here, we give a Review about the very recent progress of BIEF for efficient energy electrocatalysis. First, the construction strategies and the characterization methods (qualitative and quantitative analysis) of BIEF are summarized. Then, the up-to-date overviews of BIEF engineering in electrocatalysis, with attention on the electron structure optimization and reaction microenvironment modulation, are analyzed and discussed in detail. In the end, the challenges and perspectives of BIEF engineering are proposed. This Review gives a deep understanding on the design of electrocatalysts with BIEF for next-generation energy storage and electrocatalytic devices. 

Designing a Built-In Electric Field for Efficient Energy Electrocatalysis

Electrocatalytic oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) provides an efficient way to obtain high‐value‐added biomass‐derived chemicals. Compared with other transition metal oxides, CuO exhibits poor oxygen evolution reaction performance, leading to high Faraday efficiency for HMF oxidation. However, the weak adsorption and activation ability of CuO to OH− species restricts its further development. Herein, the CuO–PdO heterogeneous interface is successfully constructed, resulting in an advanced onset‐potential of the HMF oxidation reaction (HMFOR), a higher current density than CuO. The results of open‐circuit potential, in situ infrared spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations indicate that the introduction of PdO enhances the adsorption capacity of the organic molecule. Meanwhile, the CuO–PdO heterogeneous interface promotes the adsorption and activation of OH− species, as demonstrated by zeta potential and electrochemical measurements. This work elucidates the adsorption enhancement mechanism of heterogeneous interfaces and provides constructive guidance for designing efficient multicomponent electrocatalysts in organic electrocatalytic reactions.

Heterogeneous‐Interface‐Enhanced Adsorption of Organic and Hydroxyl for Biomass Electrooxidation

Integrated Catalytic Sites for Highly Efficient Electrochemical Oxidation of the Aldehyde and Hydroxyl Groups in 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

Traditional transformation methods are complex and time consuming It is generally difficult to transform indica rice varieties using traditional transformation methods due to their poor regeneration In this contribution, a simple method was developed for the transformation of indica rice In this method, the mature embryos of soaked seeds were pierced by a needle, and then soaked in the Agrobacterium inoculum under vacuum infiltration The inoculated seeds germinated and grew to maturation (T0) under nonsterile conditions The herbicide or antibiotic analysis and molecular analysis were conducted on T0 plants The results showed that although the efficiency of transformation was about 60%, it was easier to transform indica rice using the proposed method, and the transformation process was significantly shortened The success of transformation was further confirmed by the genetic and molecular analyses of T1 transformants

Piercing and vacuum infiltration of the mature embryo: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of indica rice

Protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs) from group A, which includes the ABI1/HAB1 and PP2CA branches, are key negative regulators of ABA signaling. HAI-1 gene had been shown to affect both seed and vegetative responses to ABA, which is one of PP2Cs clade A in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transgenic plants containing pHAI-1::GUS (β-glucuronidase) displayed GUS activity existing in the vascular system of leave veins, stems and petioles. Green fluorescent protein fused HAI-1 (HAI-1-GFP) was found in the nucleus through transient transformation assays with onion epidermal cells. The water-loss assays indicated the loss-of-function mutants did not show symptoms of wilting and they had still turgid green rosette leaves. The assays of seed germination by exogenous ABA and NaCl manifested that the loss-of-function mutants displayed higher insensitivity than wild-type plants. Taken together, the final results suggest that the HAI-1 (AT5G59220) encoded a nuclear protein and it can be highly induced by ABA and wound in Arabidposis, the stress-tolerance phenotype showed a slightly improvement when HAI-1 gene was disrupted.

/pdf/molecular-character-of-a-phosphatase-2c-pp2c-gene-relation-1a3clq9nx0.pdf

Molecular character of a phosphatase 2C (PP2C) gene relation to stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

The application of the cyclohexanone-hydroxylamine process using preformed hydroxylamine is widespread in the caprolactam industry, a crucial step to produce nylon-6. However, with strict demands on sustainability and safety, two shortcomings in this process-harsh reaction conditions and the potential danger posed by explosive hydroxylamine-need to be urgently overcome. In this study, we presented a direct electrosynthesis method for cyclohexanone oxime using nitrogen oxides and cyclohexanone with almost 100% yield, which eliminated preformed hydroxylamine and demonstrated a simple strategy for green production of caprolactam. Combining theoretical calculations and in situ characterizations, the high efficiency of electrocatalysts is attributed to their ability to accumulate adsorbed hydroxylamine and cyclohexanone. Fe electrocatalysts can meet the above requirements and achieve a production rate of 55.9 g h-1 gcat-1 in a flow cell with almost 100% yield of cyclohexanone oxime. Beckmann rearrangement of the resulting cyclohexanone oxime produced 8.6 g/cycle of caprolactam. This study not only provides a theoretical basis for electrocatalyst design for C-N coupling reactions but also illuminates the tantalizing possibility to upgrade the caprolactam industry toward safety and sustainability through direct electrosynthesis of cyclohexanone oximes.

Electrocatalytic synthesis of nylon-6 precursor at almost 100% yield.

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