The oralome is the summary of the dynamic interactions orchestrated between the ecological community of oral microorganisms (comprised of up to approximately 1000 species of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protozoa - the oral microbiome) that live in the oral cavity and the host. These microorganisms form a complex ecosystem that thrive in the dynamic oral environment in a symbiotic relationship with the human host. However, the microbial composition is significantly affected by interspecies and host-microbial interactions, which in turn, can impact the health and disease status of the host. In this review, we discuss the composition of the oralome and inter-species and host-microbial interactions that take place in the oral cavity and examine how these interactions change from healthy (eubiotic) to disease (dysbiotic) states. We further discuss the dysbiotic signatures associated with periodontitis and caries and their sequalae, (e.g., tooth/bone loss and pulpitis), and the systemic diseases associated with these oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and head and neck/oral cancer. We then discuss current computational techniques to assess dysbiotic oral microbiome changes. Lastly, we discuss current and novel techniques for modulation of the dysbiotic oral microbiome that may help in disease prevention and treatment, including standard hygiene methods, prebiotics, probiotics, use of nano-sized drug delivery systems (nano-DDS), extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM) disruption, and host response modulators.

https://escholarship.org/content/qt68k197wb/qt68k197wb.pdf?t=qr2w5i

The oralome and its dysbiosis: New insights into oral microbiome-host interactions

We read with great interest the article by Flemer et al , which suggests that analysis of the oral microbiota could potentially be used as a screening method for colorectal cancer (CRC) and polyp detection.1  Fusobacterium  ( F .) nucleatum is one of the most densely colonised bacterial species in the oral cavity and is known to be associated with periodontitis.2 Recently, many researchers have demonstrated that F . nucleatum is related to CRC development and pathogenicity.3 4 However, the relationship between F . nucleatum in CRC and the oral cavity is not well understood. For this purpose, we examined whether identical strains of F . nucleatum could be isolated from CRC and saliva specimens obtained from the same patient. The approach used in this study is detailed in figure 1A (see online supplementary information for details). We collected CRC and saliva samples from 14 patients (online supplementary table 1) and isolated bacteria from the specimens on Fusobacterium -selective agar. All colonies (1,351 in total) were analysed by PCR using …

https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/68/7/1335.full.pdf

Patients with colorectal cancer have identical strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum in their colorectal cancer and oral cavity.

GMrepo (data repository for Gut Microbiota) is a database of curated and consistently annotated human gut metagenomes. Its main purposes are to increase the reusability and accessibility of human gut metagenomic data, and enable cross-project and phenotype comparisons. To achieve these goals, we performed manual curation on the meta-data and organized the datasets in a phenotype-centric manner. GMrepo v2 contains 353 projects and 71,642 runs/samples, which are significantly increased from the previous version. Among these runs/samples, 45,111 and 26,531 were obtained by 16S rRNA amplicon and whole-genome metagenomics sequencing, respectively. We also increased the number of phenotypes from 92 to 133. In addition, we introduced disease-marker identification and cross-project/phenotype comparison. We first identified disease markers between two phenotypes (e.g. health versus diseases) on a per-project basis for selected projects. We then compared the identified markers for each phenotype pair across datasets to facilitate the identification of consistent microbial markers across datasets. Finally, we provided a marker-centric view to allow users to check if a marker has different trends in different diseases. So far, GMrepo includes 592 marker taxa (350 species and 242 genera) for 47 phenotype pairs, identified from 83 selected projects. GMrepo v2 is freely available at: https://gmrepo.humangut.info.

GMrepo v2: a curated human gut microbiome database with special focus on disease markers and cross-dataset comparison.

Abstract The gut microbiota and its homeostasis play a crucial role in human health. However, for some diseases related to the gut microbiota, current traditional medicines can only relieve symptoms, and it is difficult to solve the root causes or even cause side effects like disturbances in the gut microbiota. Increasing clinical studies and evidences have demonstrated that probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics can prevent and treat various diseases, but currently they can only be used as dietary supplements rather than medicines, which restricts the application of probiotics in the field of medicine. Here, this review analyzes the importance of gut microbiota in human health and the current problems of traditional medicines, and systematically summarizes the effectiveness and mechanisms of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in maintaining health and treating diseases based on animal models and clinical trials. And based on current research outcomes and development trends in this field, the challenges and prospects of their clinical application in maintaining health, alleviating and treating diseases are analyzed. It is hoped to promote the application of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in disease treatment and open up new frontiers in probiotic research.

Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in health and disease

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed type of cancer worldwide. Dietary features play an important role in its development, and the involvement of human microbial communities in this pathology has also recently been recognized. Individuals with CRC display alterations in gut bacterial composition and a notably higher abundance of putative oral bacteria in colonic tumors. Many experimental studies and preclinical evidence propose that dietary polyphenols have a relevant role in CRC development and progression, mainly attributed to their immunomodulatory activities. Furthermore, polyphenols can modulate oral and gut microbiota, and in turn, intestinal microbes catabolize polyphenols to release metabolites that are often more active and better absorbed than the original phenolic compounds. The current study aimed to review and summarize current knowledge on the role of microbiota and the interactions between dietary polyphenols and microbiota in relation to CRC development. We have highlighted the mechanisms by which dietary polyphenols and/or their microbial metabolites exert their action on the pathogenesis and prevention of CRC as modulators of the composition and/or activity of oral and intestinal microbiota, including novel screening biomarkers and possible nutritional therapeutic implications.

/pdf/interplay-between-dietary-polyphenols-and-oral-and-gut-1m4byexnlq.pdf

Interplay between Dietary Polyphenols and Oral and Gut Microbiota in the Development of Colorectal Cancer.

The role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer: from carcinogenesis to clinical management.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 inhibitor THZ1 in cancer therapy.

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The role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer: from carcinogenesis to clinical management.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 inhibitor THZ1 in cancer therapy.