Threshold signatures are becoming an increasingly popular method of signing key protection, primarily due to their ability to produce signatures that require the cooperation of multiple parties yet appear indistinguishable from a regular signature. This unique feature allows for their easy integration with existing systems, making them highly desirable in applications like national identity systems and transaction authorization, where they are being gradually deployed; their growing importance is further attested by NIST’s recently initiated efforts to standardize threshold schemes [19]. 

Enabling Efficient Threshold Signature Computation via Java Card API

Humanitarian organizations provide aid to people in need. To use their limited budget efficiently, their distribution processes must ensure that legitimate recipients cannot receive more aid than they are entitled to. Thus, it is essential that recipients can register at most once per aid program. Taking the International Committee of the Red Cross's aid distribution registration process as a use case, we identify the requirements to detect double registration without creating new risks for aid recipients. We then design Janus, which combines privacy-enhancing technologies with biometrics to prevent double registration in a safe manner. Janus does not create plaintext biometric databases and reveals only one bit of information at registration time (whether the user registering is present in the database or not). We implement and evaluate three instantiations of Janus based on secure multiparty computation, somewhat homomorphic encryption, and trusted execution environments. We demonstrate that they support the privacy, accuracy, and performance needs of humanitarian organizations. We compare Janus with existing alternatives and show it is the first system that provides the accuracy our scenario requires while providing strong protection. 

pdf/janus-safe-biometric-deduplication-for-humanitarian-aid-3vwj4dtgvh.pdf

Janus: Safe Biometric Deduplication for Humanitarian Aid Distribution

Blockchain technology autonomously executes smart contracts that require external data to facilitate specific applications, underscoring the necessity for Authenticated Data Feeds (ADF). Existing solutions fall short in providing genuine authentication of data, lack private and verifiable computations across multiple data sources, and overlook data traceability, rendering current systems inadequate for complex applications. We present <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textsf {WuKong}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textsf {WK}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), a data governance system that offers authenticated, privately verifiable, and traceable data feeds. <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textsf {WK}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> enables a server to collect faithful data through an oracle committee and to prove computation correctness in zero-knowledge proofs, and empowers legal entities to trace a leakage source conditionally. We formally define and prove the security of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textsf {WK}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in the universal composability framework. We implement three applications that seamlessly integrate with WK. Experimental results indicate that <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textsf {WK}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> effectively liberates sensitive data from distributed, untrusted, and anonymous providers, making it accessible to various services and establishing trust in a decentralized world.

Trust in a Decentralized World: Data Governance From Faithful, Private, Verifiable, and Traceable Data Feeds

Distributed energy resources (DERs) can be integrated into a distribution system to provide grid services and enhance the reliability of the power system. For the provision of grid services, DERs, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery energy storage systems (BESSs), need to be aggregated and properly controlled. Particularly, renewable energy resources are intermittent in nature and may require real-time monitoring and control strategies. Uncontrolled power injections from DERs in the DER-integrated distribution system can cause overvoltage and thermal issues, damaging the system components. This paper explores several existing DER aggregation and control strategies in the literature. Moreover, a framework for designing aggregation and control schemes for DERs in the distribution system to provide grid services is presented. In the framework, the distribution system is divided into multiple sections, and rule-based algorithms are used to manage the DERs. Furthermore, the effectiveness of DER aggregation in providing peak shaving and energy services is demonstrated in this paper.

Aggregation and Control of DERs in a Distribution System for the Provision of Grid Services

The high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and the development of the energy internet bring a huge opportunity for distribution system. Although the individual DER capacity and visibility are small, aggregating various DERs can provide more flexibility for distribution system operation. This paper proposes a multi-period two-stage DER aggregation method for different types DERs considering the operating cost minimization. In the day-ahead stage, an aggregator determines the expected power trajectory of the aggregated DERs for energy trading and the optimal interval of flexibility reserve, which are in turn submitted to the distribution system operator (DSO). During the day, with the DSO dispatch signal, the aggregator re-optimizes the scheduling of the aggregated DERs to realize the power adjustment. To handle uncertainty, a stochastic optimization method with conditional value-at-risk is adopted, aiming to achieve the trade-off between power flexibility and operating cost reduction. The proposed method is compared with the conventional method which maximizes the flexibility reserve interval. The simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve a lower operating cost with only 0.6% infeasibility rate, verifying its high efficiency.

Multi-period Two-stage Stochastic DER Aggregation for Power Flexibility Reserve

Smart locks are one of the most popular Internet of things devices, which help ease the burden of physical key management in smart home, hotel, and especially in short-term rental house markets. Existing smart lock systems either suffer from the state consistency attacks that allow unauthorized access, or rely on a remote server to maintain an access list, which could be altered by compromised servers. Moreover, privacy risks could be posed to the guests when they reserve a property by the rental platform, which is usually integrated with the smart lock system. To address the above issues, we propose a smart lock system that provides security and privacy guarantees in IoT-enabled rental house markets. The proposed system resists state consistency attacks by utilizing a one-way hash chain to replace the access list. Meanwhile, we take advantage of dynamic accumulators and signature of knowledge to realize user authentication and privacy protection of the guests. Finally, we make a theoretical security and privacy analysis of the proposed system, and provide a comprehensive evaluation of the performance to show the efficiency of the proposed system.

Privacy-Preserving Smart Lock System for IoT-enabled Rental House Markets

Humanitarian aid-distribution programs help bring physical goods to people in need. Traditional paper-based solutions to support aid distribution do not scale to large populations and are hard to secure. Existing digital solutions solve these issues, at the cost of collecting large amount of personal information. This lack of privacy can endanger recipients' safety and harm their dignity. In collaboration with the International Committee of the Red Cross, we build a safe digital aid-distribution system. We first systematize the requirements such a system should satisfy. We then propose a decentralized solution based on the use of tokens that fulfills the needs of humanitarian organizations. It provides scalability and strong accountability, and, by design, guarantees the recipients' privacy. We provide two instantiations of our design, on a smart card and on a smartphone. We formally prove the security and privacy properties of these solutions, and empirically show that they can operate at scale.

Not Yet Another Digital ID: Privacy-preserving Humanitarian Aid Distribution

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Multi-period Two-stage Stochastic DER Aggregation for Power Flexibility Reserve

Privacy-Preserving Smart Lock System for IoT-enabled Rental House Markets

Not Yet Another Digital ID: Privacy-preserving Humanitarian Aid Distribution