There is an analogy between single-chip color cameras and the human visual system in that these two systems acquire only one limited wavelength sensitivity band per spatial location. We have exploited this analogy, defining a model that characterizes a one-color per spatial position image as a coding into luminance and chrominance of the corresponding three colors per spatial position image. Luminance is defined with full spatial resolution while chrominance contains subsampled opponent colors. Moreover, luminance and chrominance follow a particular arrangement in the Fourier domain, allowing for demosaicing by spatial frequency filtering. This model shows that visual artifacts after demosaicing are due to aliasing between luminance and chrominance and could be solved using a preprocessing filter. This approach also gives new insights for the representation of single-color per spatial location images and enables formal and controllable procedures to design demosaicing algorithms that perform well compared to concurrent approaches, as demonstrated by experiments.

/pdf/linear-demosaicing-inspired-by-the-human-visual-system-3a4iil5xvg.pdf

Linear demosaicing inspired by the human visual system

Selection and presentation of media streams, in which presentation is not limited by order imposed by the digital content representative of those media streams, in response to bookmarks (211) and watchpoints settable and usable by a user (Figure 2). Bookmarks reference a location within the media stream, not necessarily pre-selected and possibly dynamically selected, in which a presentation can be started or restarted therefrom. Watchpoints reference a location within the media stream, or a presentation state for the media steam, in which an action can be triggered thereby. Bookmarks and watchpoints provide a general technique for presenting selections from media streams in response to metadata.

Bookmarks and Watchpoints for Selection and Presentation of Media Streams

Starting from the revolutionary Retinex by Land and McCann, several further perceptually inspired color correction models have been developed with different aims, e.g. reproduction of color sensation, robust features recognition, enhancement of color images. Such models have a differential, spatially-variant and non-linear nature and they can coarsely be distinguished between white-patch (WP) and gray-world (GW) algorithms. In this paper we show that the combination of a pure WP algorithm (RSR: random spray Retinex) and an essentially GW one (ACE) leads to a more robust and better performing model (RACE). The choice of RSR and ACE follows from the recent identification of a unified spatially-variant approach for both algorithms. Mathematically, the originally distinct non-linear and differential mechanisms of RSR and ACE have been fused using the spray technique and local average operations. The investigation of RACE allowed us to put in evidence a common drawback of differential models: corruption of uniform image areas. To overcome this intrinsic defect, we devised a local and global contrast-based and image-driven regulation mechanism that has a general applicability to perceptually inspired color correction algorithms. Tests, comparisons and discussions are presented.

A Spatially Variant White-Patch and Gray-World Method for Color Image Enhancement Driven by Local Contrast

A method for processing a misrecognition error in an embedded speech recognition system during a speech recognition session can include the step of speech-to-text converting audio input in the embedded speech recognition system based on an active language model. The speech-to-text conversion can produce speech recognized text that can be presented through a user interface. A user-initiated misrecognition error notification can be detected. The audio input and a reference to the active language model can be provided to a speech recognition system training process associated with the embedded speech recognition system.

Detecting speech recognition errors in an embedded speech recognition system

Demosaicing is an important part of the image-processing chain for many digital color cameras. The demosaicing operation converts a raw image acquired with a single sensor array, overlaid with a color filter array, into a full-color image. In this paper, we report the results of two perceptual experiments that compare the perceptual quality of the output of different demosaicing algorithms. In the first experiment, we found that a Bayesian demosaicing algorithm produced the most preferred images. Detailed examination of the data, however indicated that the good performance of this algorithm was at least in part due to the fact that it sharpened the images while it demosaiced them. In a second experiment, we silenced image sharpness as a factor by applying a sharpening algorithm to the output of each demosaicing algorithm. The optimal amount of sharpening to be applied to each image was chosen using the results of a preliminary experiment. Once sharpness was equated in this way, an algorithm developed by Freeman based on bilinear interpolation combined with median filtering, gave the best results. An analysis of our data suggests that our perceptual results cannot be easily predicted using an image metric.

/pdf/perceptual-assessment-of-demosaicing-algorithm-performance-5noyzlkoin.pdf

Perceptual assessment of demosaicing algorithm performance

A method and system thereof for encoding watermark information such as copyright information within digital data representing, for example, still and video images. A sequence of bits representing the watermark information is mapped into a first plurality of groups such that the first plurality of groups includes more bits than the sequence of bits. The bits from each group of the first plurality of groups are interleaved to form a second plurality of groups. The bits from the second plurality of groups are serialized to form an encoded sequence of bits. Coefficients representing the digital data are modified according to the encoded sequence of bits. In one embodiment, a coefficient is made into an even number when the bit has a first value and the coefficient is made into an odd number when the bit has a second value. In one embodiment, the digital data are in a compressed format (e.g., JPEG or MPEG). The digital data can be subsequently read to retrieve the encoded sequence, and the encoded sequence is then decoded and compared to the original watermark information.

High redundancy system and method for watermarking digital image and video data

A method for efficiently optimizing the bin widths for a distribution or an image to be compressed. An image having symmetric uni-modal distribution is divided into a zero bin having a zero bin width and a plurality of outer bins having an outer bin width. M numbers of predetermined candidate values for the zero bin width and N numbers of predetermined candidate values for the outer bin width are provided. A zero bin probability is derived from an entropy function. The allowable zero bin width is calculated from the zero bin probability and target bit rate. The allowable zero bin width is then searched to obtain an optimum combination of the zero bin width and the outer bin width, the optimum combination being the combination having the least distortion measure. In one embodiment, a fast algorithm is used to search the outer bin width for each given zero bin width, reducing the required combination by a factor of logN/N. In one embodiment, the allowable zero bin width is a subset of M number of candidate values for the zero bin width. In one embodiment, the middle number of an interval is used as the quantization value. In another embodiment, the centroid of an interval is used as the quantization value.

Deadzone quantization method and apparatus for image compression

System and computer program products allows renderer in UPnP network the capability of rendering general Internet content of static or dynamic nature, which renderer was not designed to render in the contents' original data format and file type. System queries all devices on local network, queries specific remote servers over Internet, and retrieves data feeds from remote sources. Queried and retrieved data not in a format and file type that can be rendered by renderer is loaded into templates and turned into a format and file type acceptable by renderer. Queried and retrieved data in proper format and file type is organized in custom format and made available for rendering to renderer. System has capability of transmitting content or metadata of content within devices on local network to a hosting service over Internet. Additionally, a second local network has capability of accessing content stored on first local network.

Organizing and publishing assets in upnp networks

A method and system thereof for encoding and embedding information within digital data representing, for example, audio data, image data, and video data. The information is represented by a plurality of bits which are separated into a group of input bits and a group of pointer bits. One or more output bits are generated from an input bit using a convolutional code. A sequence of bits is selected using a pointer bit and the output bit(s). The information is encoded and embedded into the digital data by modifying coefficients of the digital data according to the sequence of bits selected. Each bit of the sequence of bits selected is used to modify a respective coefficient. In one embodiment, a coefficient is made into an even number when the bit has a first value and the coefficient is made into an odd number when the bit has a second value. In one embodiment, the digital data are in a compressed format. The digital data can be subsequently read to retrieve the embedded and encoded data, and the encoded sequence is then decoded and compared to the original watermark information.

Information embedding and retrieval method and apparatus

Digital Still Camera images often have undesired color casts due to unusual illuminant sources. This paper describes a novel color correction technique that uses adaptive segmentation techniques to identify the presence of such casts, estimate their chromatic strength, and alter the image's near-neutral color regions to compensate for the cast. The segmentation method identifies most major objects in the scene and their average color.

Novel approach to color cast detection and removal in digital images

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