Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for multi-gas detection: A review

Gas sensors lie at the heart of various fields ranging from medical to environmental sciences, and the demand of gas sensors is instantly expanding. However, in the face of complex gas samples, how to maintain high sensitivity while performing multiplex detection still puzzles the researchers. Here, by introducing Ti3C2Tx MXene into a microfluidic gas sensor with a three-dimensional (3D) transferable SERS substrate, a powerful gas sensor having both multiplex detecting ability and high sensitivity is demonstrated. The employ of MXene endows the sensor with a universal high adsorption efficiency for various gases while the generation of in situ gas vortices in the sophisticated nanomicro structure extends the molecule residence time in SERS-active area, both leading to the increased sensitivity. In the proof-of-concept experiment, a limit of detection (LOD) of 10-50 ppb was achieved for three typical volatile organic compounds (VOCs) according to the intrinsic SERS signals of gas molecules. Besides, the well-designed periodic 3D structure solves the general repeatability problem of SERS substrates. In addition, the detailed composition of gas mixture was revealed using classic least-square analysis (CLS) with an average accuracy of 90.6%. Further, a chromatic barcode was developed based on the results of CLS to read out the complex composition of samples visually.

Ti3C2Tx MXene-Loaded 3D Substrate toward On-Chip Multi-Gas Sensing with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Barcode Readout.

Ppb-level gas detection using on-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy based on a 28 kHz tuning fork

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), which relies on the detection of absorption-induced acoustic waves, is widely used for gas sensing. This paper summarizes and discusses most of the recent techniques for photoacoustic enhancement throughout the overall process from laser-molecule interaction to acoustic wave detection. Considering the theoretical principle and system composition of PAS gas sensor, we classify photoacoustic enhancing techniques into three aspects. The first one is to enhance the photoacoustic excitation by building up the laser power in terms of the positive proportional relation between the optical power and photoacoustic signal. The second one is to amplify the acoustic strength with various kinds of resonators after the photoacoustic generation. The third approach to further improve the photoacoustic detection is to develop more efficient acoustic transducers, for example, custom tuning fork, cantilever and fiber-optic microphone. Finally, the advantages and limitations of these different techniques are analyzed. 

Techniques to enhance the photoacoustic signal for trace gas sensing: A review

We designed and implemented a photoacoustic (PA) sensor for H2S detection in SF6 background gas based on a multi-pass differential photoacoustic cell (MDPC) and a near-infrared distributed feedback (DFB) laser. In the MDPC apparatus, two resonators with identical geometric parameters were vertically and symmetrically embedded. The differential processing algorithm of two phase-reversed signals realized the effective enhancement of the PA signal and suppressed the flow noise in the dynamic sampling process. In addition, the λ/4 buffer chamber in the MDPC was utilized as a muffler to further reduce the flow noise and realize the dynamic detection of H2S. The collimated excitation light was reflected 30 times in a multi-pass structure constituted of two gold-plated concave mirrors, and an absorption path length of 4.92 m was achieved. Due to the high gas density of SF6, the relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the gas flow was different between SF6 and N2 background gases. The maximum flow rate of the characteristic gas components detected in the SF6 background is 150 standard cubic centimeters per minute (SCCM), which is lower than 350 SCCM in N2. The linearity property was analyzed, and the results show that the sensitivity of the sensor to H2S in the SF6 background was 27.3 μV/ppm. With the structure, parameters, temperature, gas flow, and natural frequency of the MDPC been optimized, a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 11 ppb was reached with an averaging time of 1000 s, which furnished an effective preventive implement for the safe operation of gas insulation equipment.

Multi-pass Differential Photoacoustic Sensor for Real-Time Measurement of SF6 Decomposition Component H2S at the ppb Level.

An optical sensor for highly sensitive detection of carbon monoxide (CO) in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was demonstrated by using the quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy technique. A spectrophone composed of a custom 8 kHz T-shaped quartz tuning fork with grooved prongs and a pair of resonator tubes, to amplify the laser-induced acoustic waves, was designed aiming to maximize the CO photoacoustic response in SF6. A theoretical analysis and an experimental investigation of the influence of SF6 gas matrix on spectrophone resonance properties for CO detection have been provided, and the performances were compared with the standard air matrix. A mid-infrared quantum cascade laser with a central wavelength at 4.61 μm, resonant with the fundamental band of CO, and an optical power of 20 mW was employed as the light excitation source. A minimum detection limit of 10 ppb at 10 s of integration time was achieved, and a sensor response time of ∼3 min was measured.

Mid-Infrared Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensor for ppb-Level CO Detection in a SF6 Gas Matrix Exploiting a T-Grooved Quartz Tuning Fork.

A fast and highly sensitive polymer nano-mechanical thermal analysis method for determining the melting temperature (Tm) of polymer microwires was proposed. In this method, a small-size, low-cost quartz tuning fork was used as a piezoelectric transducer to analyze the thermodynamics of polymer microwires at the nanogram level without changing its own properties. Due to the thin wire sample, which has a length of 1.2 mm and a diameter of ~5 µm, which is bridged across the prongs of the tuning fork, the nanogram-level sample greatly reduces the thermal equilibrium time for the measurement, resulting in a fast analysis for the melting temperature of the polymer sample. Compared with the traditional method, the analysis method based on the quartz enhanced conductivity spectrum (QECS) does not require annealing before measurement, which is an essential process for conventional thermal analysis to reduce the hardness, refine the grain, and eliminate the residual stress. In this work, the melting temperatures of three of the most commonly used polymers, namely polymers polymethyl methacrylate, high-density polyethylene, and disproportionated rosin, were obtained under the temperature from room temperature to >180 °C, proving the QECS method to be a useful tool for nano-mechanical thermal analysis.

Quartz Enhanced Conductance Spectroscopy for Polymer Nano-Mechanical Thermal Analysis

We report on a highly sensitive and selective optical sensor for detection of carbon monoxide (CO) in a sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas matrix by using quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) technique. The sensor uses a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser with central wavelength at 4.61 μm as light source and a spectrophone consisting of a novel 8 kHz T-shaped quartz tuning fork with grooved prongs coupled with a pair of resonator tubes for photoacoustic detection. A minimum detection limit of 10 ppb at 10 s of signal integration time was achieved.

Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for CO detection in SF6 decomposition

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Papers

Mid-Infrared Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensor for ppb-Level CO Detection in a SF6 Gas Matrix Exploiting a T-Grooved Quartz Tuning Fork.

Quartz Enhanced Conductance Spectroscopy for Polymer Nano-Mechanical Thermal Analysis

Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for CO detection in SF6 decomposition