Reishi owes an exceptional value in nutritional, cosmeceutical, and medical treatments; however, none of the studies has provided its future-driven critical assessment. This study documents an up-to-date review (2015-2020, wherever applicable) and provide valuable insights (preclinical and clinical evidence-based) with comprehensive and critical assessments. Various databases 'Google scholar', 'Web of Science', 'ScienceDirect', 'PubMed', 'Springer Link', books, theses, and library resources were used. The taxonomic chaos of G. lucidum and its related species was discussed in detail with solution-oriented emphasis. Reishi contains polysaccharides (α/β-D-glucans), alkaloids, triterpenoids (ganoderic acids, ganoderenic acids, ganoderol, ganoderiol, lucidenic acids), sterols/ergosterol, proteins (LZ-8, LZ-9), nucleosides (adenosine, inosine, uridine), and nucleotides (guanine, adenine). Some active drugs are explored at an optimum level to make them potential drug candidates. The pharmacological potential was observed in diabetes, inflammation, epilepsy, neurodegeneration, cancer, anxiety, sedation, cardiac diseases, depression, hepatic diseases, and immune disorders; however, most of the studies are preclinical with a number of drawbacks. In particular, quality clinical data are intensely needed to support pharmacological activities for human use. The presence of numerous micro-, macro, and trace elements imparts an essential nutritional and cosmeceutical value to Reishi, and various marketed products are available already, but the clinical studies regarding safety and efficacy, interactions with foods/drinks, chronic use, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity are missing for Reishi. Reishi possesses many valuable pharmacological activities, and the number of patents and clinical trials is increasing for Reishi. Yet, a gap in research exists for Reishi, which is discussed in detail in the forthcoming sections.

Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) an edible mushroom; a comprehensive and critical review of its nutritional, cosmeceutical, mycochemical, pharmacological, clinical, and toxicological properties.

Acanthopanax senticosus (previously classified as Eleutherococcus senticosus), commonly known as Ciwujia or Siberian Ginseng, is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), widely used for its high medicinal value, such as antifatigue, anti-inflammation, antistress, anti-ulcer and cardiovascular functions, in China, Korea, Japan and Russia. In the past decades, researchers worldwide have conducted systematic investigations on this herb, from chemistry to pharmacology, and a large number of chemical components have been characterized for their significant pharmacological effects. However, reports about the anticancer effects of this plant had been rare until recently, when considerable pharmacological experiments both in vitro and in vivo were conducted to study the anticancer effects of this herb. A. senticosus has been found to have inhibitory effects on malignant tumors, such as those in the lung and liver, suggesting that A. senticosus has potential to be developed as an effective anticancer drug. This paper reviews recent findings on the pharmacological properties of A. senticosus, with a focus on its anticancer effects.

Acanthopanax senticosus: photochemistry and anticancer potential.

Acanthopanax senticosus, also known as Siberian ginseng, is widely distributed throughout northern Asia and used in traditional Chinese medicine; it has been reported to prevent a number of diseases. However, the association between the antitumour and immunostimulatory activities of polysaccharide extracted from A. senticosus (ASPS) remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-tumour and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide extracted from ASPS on Crocker sarcoma S180, hepatic carcinoma H22 and uterine cervical carcinoma U14 tumour cell lines implanted in mice. High performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy were used to analyse the monosaccharide composition of ASPS. The monosaccharide composition of ASPS (Arabic candy: Xylose: Glucose: Mannose) was 7.1:22.3:7.6:1.0. On day 0, female Kunming mice, were injected subcutaneously with 1×108 tumour cells in 0.2 ml. The inoculated mice were subsequently divided into five groups (10 mice/group) as follows: Model group, treated with normal saline; positive control group, treated with 30 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CTX); and three treatment groups, treated with 200, 100 or 50 mg/kg ASPS. Non-inoculated mice were divided into the normal group, which was treated with normal saline, and the negative control group, which was treated with 200 mg/kg ASPS (n=10/group). CTX and ASPS were administered intragastrically once daily for 10 days. All mice were sacrificed on day 11. ASPS was observed to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of S180, H22 and U14 cells in solid and ascites tumour-bearing mice. Serum interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-12 levels were significantly increased in S180 solid tumour-bearing mice treated with 200 or 100 mg/kg ASPS compared with mice in the normal, control and model groups (P<0.05), whereas serum IL-2 and IL-12 levels were significantly decreased in the cyclophosphamide treatment group compared with the normal, control and model groups (P<0.05). No significant difference in serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-α level was observed between any groups. In S180 and U14 solid tumour-bearing mice, no significant differences in serum levels of interferon (INF)-γ level in were observed between groups; however, in H22 solid tumour-bearing mice, treatment with ASPS significantly increased serum INF-γ compared with the positive control group (P<0.05). The results may provide a basis for the potential application of ASPS in clinical treatment for cancer.

/pdf/anti-tumour-effects-of-polysaccharide-extracted-from-2bjcyrcpdj.pdf

Anti-tumour effects of polysaccharide extracted from Acanthopanax senticosus and cell-mediated immunity

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising method for the repair of difficult-to-heal bone tissue damage by providing three-dimensional structures for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been introduced as an effective global medical program by the World Health Organization, comprising intricate components, and promoting bone regeneration by regulating multiple mechanisms and targets. This study outlines the potential therapeutic capabilities of TCM combined with BTE in bone regeneration. The effective active components promoting bone regeneration can be generally divided into flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, and polyphenols, among others. The chemical structures of the monomers, their sources, efficacy, and mechanisms are described. We summarize the use of compounds and medicinal parts of TCM to stimulate bone regeneration. Finally, the limitations and prospects of applying TCM in BTE are introduced, providing a direction for further development of novel and potential TCM. 

/pdf/traditional-chinese-medicine-promotes-bone-regeneration-in-158foyr0.pdf

Traditional Chinese medicine promotes bone regeneration in bone tissue engineering

Ganomycin I from Ganoderma lucidum attenuates RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting MAPKs and NFATc1

One water-soluble polysaccharide (ASPS), with four molecular weight distributions of 74, 3.8, 4.5, 2.3 x 10(4) Da, was isolated from the root of Acanthopanax senticosus and the yield was 4.8% (w/w). ASPS was composed of arabinose (51.4%), glucose (24.5%), galactose (10.2%), xylose (5.7) and galacturonic acid (4.9%). Effects of ASPS on the proliferation, apoptosis and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were investigated in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 cells. The study showed that ASPS could inhibit the proliferation, increase the apoptosis rate in HepG2 cells; meanwhile, ASPS could increase the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase, decrease the proportion of cells in S phase and G2/M phase, and elevate the expression level of β-catenin, C-myc and Cyclin D1 proteins in HepG2 cells. These results indicate that ASPS has a certain inhibition on the proliferation, can induce the apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest in HepG2 cells, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of ASPS on the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway HepG2 cells.

Effects of Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide on the proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle in human HepG2 cells.

Immune modulation has been recognized as an effective anti-osteoporosis strategy since the pivotal role of the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling in bone metabolism and remodeling was discovered. To investigate the potential preventive and/or therapeutic effects of immune modulator protein Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) on osteoporosis, the osteoporosis animal model was established in Wistar rats by intramuscular injection of dexamethasone (DEX), namely glucocorticoids-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) rat model. To investigate the potential preventive effect of rLZ-8 on GIOP, we co-treated the rats with DEX and rLZ-8 intraperitoneally during the GIOP modeling stage and analyze the bone mass measured by bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), as well as levels of phosphorus (Pi), calcium (Ca2+) and hydroxyproline (HOP) in femur of GIOP rats. Consistently, all results suggested that rLZ-8 could prevent bone loss in the femurs of GIOP rats. Through analyzing the trabeculae morphology and the trabeculae amount by H&E staining, we found rLZ-8 could also improve the structural deterioration in femurs of GIOP rats. In order to further verify the results and its mechanism obtained from bone analysis, multiple biomarkers, including minerals metabolism (Pi and Ca2+), bone formation markers (osteocalcin, ALP and IGF-1), bone resorption markers (TRACP5b, CTX-1 and HOP), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), oxidative stress indicators (GSH-px, SOD and MDA) and hormone molecules (testosterone, estradiol, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone) have been detected in serum or urine of rats. Results of these biomarkers in serum or urine confirmed rLZ-8's protective effect in GIOP. Through analyzing the relative expression level of OPG and RANKL in femurs via western blot, we foundrLZ-8 could increase OPG/RANKL ratio which could impede osteoclastogenesis process. To test the potential therapeutic effect of rLZ-8 on successfully generated GIOP rats, we administrated rLZ-8 to rats for three weeks starting from the ending day of 7 weeks treatment of DEX. We found rLZ-8 could also reverse the bone loss in GIOP rats. Through the BWs and organ coefficient analysis, we found rLZ-8 has little toxicity to the rats. Our results suggested that rLZ-8 may be developed into promising anti-osteoporosis drug with both preventive and therapeutic properties.

/pdf/ganoderma-lucidum-immune-modulator-protein-rlz-8-could-21nsvvdveh.pdf

Ganoderma lucidum Immune Modulator Protein rLZ-8 Could Prevent and Reverse Bone Loss in Glucocorticoids-Induced Osteoporosis Rat Model

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Effects of Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide on the proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle in human HepG2 cells.

Ganoderma lucidum Immune Modulator Protein rLZ-8 Could Prevent and Reverse Bone Loss in Glucocorticoids-Induced Osteoporosis Rat Model