Organs of future metastasis are not passive receivers of circulating tumor cells, but are instead selectively and actively modified by the primary tumor before metastatic spread has even occurred. Tumors orchestrate a pre-metastatic program by conditioning distant organs to create microenvironments that foster the survival and proliferation of tumor cells before their arrival, thereby establishing pre-metastatic niches. Primary tumor-derived exosomes modulate these pre-metastatic niches, generating a permissive environment that facilitates the homing and expansion of tumor cells. Moreover, microRNAs have emerged as a key component of exosomal cargo, serving not only to induce the formation of pre-metastatic niches but also to prime these sites for the arrival and colonization of specific secondary tumor populations. Against this backdrop, this review endeavors to elucidate the impact of tumor-derived exosomal microRNAs on the genesis of their individualized pre-metastatic niches, with a view towards identifying novel means of specifying cancer metastasis and exploiting this phenomenon for cancer immunotherapy. 

Exosomal miRNAs: the tumor's trojan horse in selective metastasis

Low-temperature NH3-SCR is an efficient technology for NOx removal from flue gas. The carbon-based catalyst designed by using porous carbon material with great specific surface area and interconnected pores as the support to load the active components shows excellent NH3-SCR performance and has a broad application prospect. However, overcoming the poor resistance of H2O and SO2 poisoning for carbon-based catalysts remains a great challenge. Notably, reviews on the sulfur and water resistance of carbon-based low-temperature NH3-SCR catalysts have not been previously reported to the best of our knowledge. This review introduces the reaction mechanism of the NH3-SCR process and the poisoning mechanism of SO2 and H2O to carbon-based catalysts. Strategies to improve the SO2 and H2O resistance of carbon-based catalysts in recent years are summarized through the effect of support, modification, structure control, preparation methods and reaction conditions. Perspective for the further development of carbon-based catalysts in NOx low-temperature SCR is proposed. This study provides a new insight and guidance into the design of low-temperature SCR catalysts resistant to SO2 and H2O in the future.

Sulfur and Water Resistance of Carbon-Based Catalysts for Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx: A Review

Gastrointestinal cancer remains a significant global health burden. The pursuit of advancing the comprehension of tumorigenesis, along with the identification of reliable biomarkers and the development of precise therapeutic strategies, represents imperative objectives in this field. Exosomes, small membranous vesicles released by most cells, commonly carry functional biomolecules, including noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which are specifically sorted and encapsulated by exosomes. Exosome-mediated communication involves the release of exosomes from tumor or stromal cells and the uptake by nearby or remote recipient cells. The bioactive cargoes contained within these exosomes exert profound effects on the recipient cells, resulting in significant modifications in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and distinct alterations in gastrointestinal tumor behaviors. Due to the feasibility of isolating exosomes from various bodily fluids, exosomal ncRNAs have shown great potential as liquid biopsy-based indicators for different gastrointestinal cancers, using blood, ascites, saliva, or bile samples. Moreover, exosomes are increasingly recognized as natural delivery vehicles for ncRNA-based therapeutic interventions. In this review, we elucidate the processes of ncRNA-enriched exosome biogenesis and uptake, examine the regulatory and functional roles of exosomal ncRNA-mediated intercellular crosstalk in gastrointestinal TME and tumor behaviors, and explore their potential clinical utility in diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics. 

Emerging role of exosome-shuttled noncoding RNAs in gastrointestinal cancers: from intercellular crosstalk to clinical utility.

Background The exosomes‐based liquid biopsy represents a prospective biomarker for tumor screening, prognosis prediction, and tumor regression. This study aimed to isolate circulating exosomes (CEs) from plasma of the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients who received chemoradiotherapy through exosome detection method via the ultrafast-isolation system (EXODUS) and investigated the association between the dynamic changes of CE levels and therapeutic effect. Methods We isolated and quantitatively analyzed CEs from plasma of locally advanced ESCC patients received chemoradiotherapy at 2 time points: baseline (pre-chemoradiotherapy) and 2 months after the chemoradiotherapy (post-chemoradiotherapy). We isolated exosomes from plasma by EXODUS platform and confirmed them through nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Western blot. The associations of CE level with clinicopathological characteristics, tumor regression, and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed. Results The average diameter of CEs was 107.4±14.3 nm at baseline and 101.7±17.1 nm at post-chemoradiotherapy. The mean exosome concentration significantly decreased after chemoradiotherapy (7.3×1011 particles/mL vs 5.4×1011 particles/mL, P < 0.001). The patients with stage III–IVA and tumor length ≥5cm had obviously higher baseline CE levels. Dynamic changes in CE levels were successfully applied for evaluation of chemoradiotherapy response and PFS. Furthermore, through multivariate Cox regression analysis, it was revealed that dynamic changes of CE levels were an independent predictor of PFS in locally advanced ESCC patients who received chemoradiotherapy. Conclusion Here, we demonstrated EXODUS platform isolated and enriched CEs from plasma of ESCC patients with high-purity and high-yield. The EXODUS platform can facilitate liquid biopsy based on exosomes translation to the clinic. Baseline CE levels can reflect ESCC tumor burden. The dynamic changes of CE levels during chemoradiotherapy allow the prediction of treatment effect and PFS of ESCC patients, requiring further investigations in larger patient cohorts.

Prediction of Response to Chemoradiotherapy by Dynamic Changes of Circulating Exosome Levels in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling upregulates aerobic glycolysis in diverse cancer types

Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) have been reported to regulate cell functions through exosomes. Through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, miR-620 was selected as a serum miRNA highly expressed in ESCC, but its detailed role in ESCC has not been explored. Tumor-secreted miRNAs have been reported to promote cancer metastasis through reprogramming the aerobic glycolysis of lung fibroblasts. Therefore, we intended to verify whether exosomal miR-620 secreted in ESCC cells may regulate the aerobic glycolysis of lung fibroblasts. Methods The effect of miR-620 on the aerobic glycolysis of ESCC cells was firstly verified through bioinformatics prediction and mechanism assays. Exosomes secreted from ESCC cells was detected, and the influence of exosomal miR-620 in regulating the aerobic glycolysis of lung fibroblasts was then verified both in vitro and in vivo. Results MiR-620 inhibited ESCC malignancy and suppressed the aerobic glycolysis of ESCC cells via targeting Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Moreover, exosomal miR-620 was highly secreted in ESCC and could regulate HFL1 aerobic glycolysis via FOXM1/HER2 signaling. Furthermore, exosomal miR-620 could promote ESCC metastasis by reprogramming the aerobic glycolysis of lung fibroblasts (HFL1). Conclusion Exosomal miR-620 secreted by ESCC cells inhibited the aerobic glycolysis via FOXM1/HER2 axis and promoted cancer metastasis.

/pdf/cancer-secreted-exosomal-mir-620-inhibits-escc-aerobic-2aryecap.pdf

Cancer-Secreted Exosomal MiR-620 Inhibits ESCC Aerobic Glycolysis via FOXM1/HER2 Pathway and Promotes Metastasis

Two new coordination polymers: Magnetic properties and treatment activity on non-small cell lung cancer by reversing the resistance of the cancer cells

Retraction notice to “Two new coordination polymers: Magnetic properties and treatment activity on non-small cell lung cancer by reversing the resistance of the cancer cells” [Arab. J. Chem. 14(2) (2021) 102921]

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Cancer-Secreted Exosomal MiR-620 Inhibits ESCC Aerobic Glycolysis via FOXM1/HER2 Pathway and Promotes Metastasis

Two new coordination polymers: Magnetic properties and treatment activity on non-small cell lung cancer by reversing the resistance of the cancer cells

Retraction notice to “Two new coordination polymers: Magnetic properties and treatment activity on non-small cell lung cancer by reversing the resistance of the cancer cells” [Arab. J. Chem. 14(2) (2021) 102921]