Melanoma, the most aggressive form of cutaneous malignancy arising from melanocytes, is frequently characterized by metastasis. Despite considerable progress in melanoma therapies, patients with advanced-stage disease often have a poor prognosis due to the limited efficacy, off-target effects, and toxicity associated with conventional drugs. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach to address these challenges with nanoparticles capable of delivering therapeutic agents specifically to the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the clinical approval of nanomedicines for melanoma treatment remains limited, necessitating further research to develop nanoparticles with improved biocompatibility and precise targeting capabilities. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the current research on nano-drug delivery systems for melanoma treatment, focusing on liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles. It discusses the potential of these nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery, as well as their ability to enhance the efficacy of conventional drugs while minimizing toxicity. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers from various fields to advance the development of nanomedicines. Overall, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians interested in the potential of nano-drug delivery systems for melanoma treatment and offers insights into future directions for research in this field. 

Nano-drug delivery system targeting tumor microenvironment: A prospective strategy for melanoma treatment.

Ferumoxytol, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009, is one of intravenous iron oxide nanoparticle authorized for the treatment of iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). With its exceptional magnetic properties, catalytic activity, and immune activity, as well as good biocompatibility and safety, ferumoxytol has gained significant recognition in various biomedical diagnoses and treatments. Unlike most existing reviews on this topic, this review primarily focuses on the recent clinical and preclinical advances of ferumoxytol in disease treatment, spanning anemia, cancer, infectious inflammatory diseases, regenerative medicine application, magnetic stimulation for neural modulation, etc. Additionally, the newly discovered mechanisms associated with the biological effects of ferumoxytol are discussed, including its magnetic, catalytic, and immunomodulatory properties. Finally, the summary and future prospects concerning the treatment and application of ferumoxytol-based nanotherapeutics are presented. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The Story of Ferumoxytol: Synthesis Production, Current Clinical Applications and Therapeutic Potential.

Nanomaterials have been identified as a potential therapeutic option for targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which are known to play a crucial role in tumor metastasis and treatment resistance. Here, we report a unique immunologically active nanomaterial composed of ferumoxytol and poly(I : C) (FP-NPs) and investigate its immunoregulatory activities on MDSCs in metastatic melanoma. In vivo assays demonstrated that FP-NPs had the ability to significantly impede the progression of metastatic melanoma and decrease the MDSC population in the lungs, spleen, and bone marrow of mice. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that FP-NPs reduced the number of granulocytic MDSCs and promoted the differentiation of monocytic MDSCs into anti-tumor M1 macrophages. Transcriptome sequencing indicated that FP-NPs significantly altered the expression of several genes involved in immunity. Analysis of Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and quantitative real-time PCR revealed that FP-NPs significantly increased the expression of the myeloid cell differentiation-related gene interferon regulatory factor 7 and activated interferon beta-related signaling pathways, which stimulated the differentiation of MDSCs into M1 macrophages. These findings suggest that FP-NPs, a unique nanomaterial with immunological properties, can induce MDSCs to differentiate into M1 macrophages, potentially offering new treatment prospects for metastatic melanoma in the future.

Immunologically active ferumoxytol-poly(I : C) nanomaterials inhibit metastatic melanoma by regulating myeloid-derived suppressor cell differentiation.

331 Transurethral Seminal Vesiculoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Intractable Seminal Vesiculitis

For the treatment of ejaculatory duct obstruction, transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy (TSV) is the most common method, but the success rate is much lower than studies that have reported. So we developed a new ultrasound-guided seminal vesicle radiography (UGSVR) combining CT three-dimensional reconstruction (CT-TR) technique to improve the success rate of TSV. Between June 2018 and November 2019, 32 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups: experimental group (UGSvR combining CT-TR) and control group (standard evaluation). Baseline information, including age, smoking history and body mass index (BMI), was compared preoperatively. Surgical parameters included success rates (SR), surgical time (ST), catheter days (CD), length of hospital stays (HS) and complications were compared between groups. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline data between the two groups (all p > .05). There were no significant differences in the CD, HS and complications between the two groups (all p > .05), but the differences in ST and SR were statistically significant (p < .05). In conclusion, this new technique of UGSvR combining CT-TR was achieving a satisfactory increase in the success rate of TSV, while not increasing the incidence of complications, compared to normal evaluation before TSV operation.

Application of ultrasound-guided seminal vesicle radiography combining CT three-dimensional reconstruction technique in transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy.

The combinational nano-immunotherapy of ferumoxytol and poly(I:C) inhibits melanoma via boosting anti-angiogenic immunity.

Purpose: To investigate the safety of electrocoagulation and thulium laser (Tm-laser) sealing methods of distal ureter resection during radical nephroureterectomy (NFU) in a porcine model. Methods: 9 pigs were used in the study: 6 were used to measure the bursting pressure (BP) and 3 were used to measure the highest pressure during NFU. Twelve ureters were to measure BP after being sealed by electrocoagulation or Tm-laser (n = 6, each). Six experimental NFUs were performed in 3 pigs to measure the intraluminal pressure of all procedures. Results: The mean BP in the electrocoagulation group (104.3 ± 25.0 cmH2O) was similar to that of the Tm-laser group (74.8 ± 23.3 cmH2O, P > .05). The peak intraluminal pressure (35.9 ± 7.6 cmH2O) during NFU was significantly lower than the BP (P < .05). Conclusion: The effectiveness of the sealing was confirmed using both electrocoagulation and Tm-laser during NFU.

/pdf/evaluation-of-two-ureter-sealing-methods-during-radical-113w0kv6um.pdf

Evaluation of Two Ureter Sealing Methods During Radical Nephroureterectomy

Introduction There have been problems with low qualification operator-related complications and failures of transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy (TSV) in China. Aim To study the guiding role of seminal tract anatomical study (STAS) in TSV. Material and methods We performed STAS to study the structure, morphology, duct trajectory, and anatomical relationships between the seminal vesicles and the adjacent tissue in pelvic specimens from 12 adult cadavers. Then the surgical effects and complications of 82 cases of TSV performed by 3 doctors were retrospectively studied to compare the difference between the two groups of before and after the anatomical study. Results The anatomical studies of the 12 adult cadaveric pelvis specimens identified the lengths and widths of the right- and left-side seminal vesicles and tracts. The TSV can treat lesions located in the distal seminal tract and vesicle, but proximal lesions cannot be reached, which is an anatomical limitation of this technique. There were significant differences in the surgical times and the surgical validity rates between the 2 groups. Conclusions Our anatomical study of the seminal tract and seminal vesicles is valuable for guiding TSV in clinical practice.

https://www.termedia.pl/Journal/-42/pdf-37260-10?filename=Guiding role.pdf

Guiding role of seminal tract anatomical study in transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy.

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The combinational nano-immunotherapy of ferumoxytol and poly(I:C) inhibits melanoma via boosting anti-angiogenic immunity.

Evaluation of Two Ureter Sealing Methods During Radical Nephroureterectomy

Guiding role of seminal tract anatomical study in transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy.