The green chemistry era has pushed the scientific community to investigate and implement new solvents in phenolic compounds (PC) extraction as alternatives to organic solvents, which are toxic and may be dangerous. Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been applied as extraction solvents for PC. They have the advantages of biodegradability and ease of handling with very low toxicity. Nevertheless, the extraction process is affected by several factors: affinity between DES and the target compounds, the water content, the mole ratio between DES’ starting molecules, the liquid/solid ratio between the DES and sample, and the conditions and extraction method. On the other hand, PC recovery from DES is a challenge because they can establish a strong hydrogen bond network. Alternatively, another possibility is to use DES as solvent extraction as well as formulation medium. In this way, DES can be suitable for cosmetics, pharmaceutical, or food applications.

Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for Phenolic Compounds Extraction: Overview, Challenges, and Opportunities.

Application of deep eutectic solvents in analytical chemistry. A review

New horizons in the extraction of bioactive compounds using deep eutectic solvents: A review.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging as green and sustainable solvents for efficient extraction of bioactive compounds or drugs. This work aimed to comprehensively evaluate the potential and effectiveness of DESs for extraction of different types of natural compounds from biomass. Five Chinese herbal medicines including Berberidis Radix, Epimedii Folium, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Rhei Rhizoma et Radix, and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were selected to assess the efficiency of DESs on extraction of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, and phenolic acids, respectively. Totally 43 types of choline chloride-, betaine-, and l-proline-based DESs with different polarity, viscosity, composition, and solubilization abilities were tailored to test their extraction efficiency, and the operation conditions were statistically optimized using response surface methodology to produce the most efficient process. In this work, DES solvents were first introduced to extract alkaloids and anthr...

Comprehensive Evaluation of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Extraction of Bioactive Natural Products

High reliance on crude oil for energy consumption results in the urgent need to explore and develop alternative renewable sources. One of the most promising routes is the transformation of biomass into biofuels and chemicals. The introduction of deep eutectic solvents in 2004 received a considerable amount of attention across different research fields, particularly in biomass processing. The effectiveness of deep eutectic solvents in breaking down the recalcitrant structure in biomass highlights its impact on the transformation of biomass into various value-added products. In addition, deep eutectic solvents are widely regarded as promising “green” solvents due to their low cost, low toxicity, and biodegradable properties. In this paper, some background information on lignocellulosic biomass and deep eutectic solvents is given. Furthermore, the roles of deep eutectic solvents in biomass processing are discussed, focusing on the impacts of deep eutectic solvents on the selectivity of chemical processes and dissolution of biomass. This review also highlights the advantages and limitations of deep eutectic solvents associated with their usage in biomass valorization.

Potential use of deep eutectic solvents to facilitate lignocellulosic biomass utilization and conversion

The extraction of natural products with available green and safe solvents is rather limited. Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted growing interest as sustainable and safe solvents. However, few studies have applied DESs in the extraction and determination of phenolic acids. Therefore, in the present study, DESs (alcohol-based) were applied to extract rosmarinic acid and salviaflaside, which were the predominant phenolic acids in Prunella vulgaris. The extraction yield acted as the comprehensive evaluation index, and a central composite design (CCD) of the response surface liquid/solid ratio methodology (RSM) was employed to further optimize the alcohol-based DES extraction conditions. The results showed that the optimized extraction conditions included a water/DES ratio of 36% (v/v), liquid/solid ratio of 14 mL g−1, extraction temperature of 86 °C and extraction time of 46 min for rosmarinic acid as well as a water/DES ratio of 30% (v/v), liquid/solid ratio of 12 mL g−1, extraction temperature of 89 °C and extraction time of 32 min for salviaflaside in ChCl/ethylene glycol at 1/4 ratio. Under these conditions, the mean experimental value of the extraction yields (3.658 and 1.049 mg g−1 for rosmarinic acid and salviaflaside) corresponded well with the predicted values. Moreover, these experimental values were higher and safer than those obtained from previously reported conventional extraction methods. This study suggests that DESs can be utilized as sustainable and safe extraction media for natural products.

Determination of phenolic acids in Prunella vulgaris L.: a safe and green extraction method using alcohol-based deep eutectic solvents

Background. Total flavonoids content (TFC) is one of the most important quality indexes of Ginkgo biloba leaf, and it is concerned with total antioxidant activity. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) method has showed its advantages in fast, accurate, qualitative, and quantitative analysis of various components in many quality control researches. In this study, a calibration model was built by partial least squares regression (PLSR) coupling with NIR spectrum to quantitatively analyze the TFC and total antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba leaf. Results. During the model establishing, some spectrum pretreatment and outlier diagnosis methods were optimized to establish the final model. The coefficients of determination (R2) for TFC and total antioxidant activity prediction were 0.8863 and 0.8486, respectively; and the root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) were 2.203 mg/g and 0.2211 mM/g, respectively. Conclusion. These results showed that NIR method combined with chemometrics is suitable for quantitative analysis of main components and their activities and might be applied to quality control of relevant products.

/pdf/determination-of-total-flavonoids-contents-and-antioxidant-jnq5mx4vhq.pdf

Determination of Total Flavonoids Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Ginkgo biloba Leaf by Near-Infrared Reflectance Method

Curcumin: From a controversial "panacea" to effective antineoplastic products.

Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP) is a kind of functional food or medicine for liver protection. In the present work, Plackett-Burman design, steepest ascent method, and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to obtain maximum total sugar yield. The experimental yield of 6.91% indicated a close agreement with the predicted yield of 7.00% of the model under optimized conditions. The major polysaccharide fraction (PCPP-1a) from PCPP was purified and identified as acidic polysaccharides with a high content of uronic acid (FT-IR, UV, HPGPC). PCPP had similar monosaccharide profile with PCPP-1a but was rich in galacturonic acid (HPLC). Both of PCPP and PCPP-1a possessed strong hydroxyl radical scavenging, DPPH radical scavenging, and Fe2+ chelating activities. Moreover, they were revealed to show strong anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β release compared to LPS treatment in RAW264.7 cells. These data suggest that the polysaccharides from PCP could be potential natural products for treating ROS and inflammatory-related diseases.

/pdf/enzymatic-extraction-purification-and-characterization-of-t547uoo5qp.pdf

Enzymatic Extraction, Purification, and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Penthorum chinense Pursh: Natural Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory

Fluoride is considered as one of the most ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Numerous studies have linked reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidative damage with fluoride intoxication, which could be prevented by antioxidants. However, the metabolomic changes induced by ROS disruptions in fluoride intoxication are yet unknown. The present study aimed to provide novel mechanistic insights into the fluoride-induced oxidative damage and to investigate the potential protective effects of ethanolic extract of Prunella vulgaris (natural antioxidant, PV) against fluoride-induced oxidative damage. The serum biochemical indicators related to fluoride-induced oxidative damage, such as lipid peroxidation parameter, inflammation and marker enzymes in the liver increased significantly in the fluoride-treated group, while antioxidant enzymes were decreased. However, PV treatment restored the level of these biochemical indicators, indicating satisfactory antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective potential of PV. The metabolomics analysis in the serum was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, whereas the fluoride treatment caused severe metabolic disorders in rats, which could be improved by PV. The differential metabolites screened by multivariate analysis after fluoride and PV treatment, were organic acids, fatty acids, and lipids. These differential metabolites represented disorders of glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and the citrate cycle (TCA) according to metabolic pathway analysis in fluoride treatment rats. Interestingly, the result of metabolic pathway analysis of post-treatment with PV was consistent with that of fluoride treatment, indicating that the energy metabolism plays a major role in the progress of fluoride-induced oxidative damage, as well as the therapeutic effect of PV. These findings provided a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism underlying metabolic disorders of fluoride toxicity and the effect of PV.

The therapeutic effects of Prunella vulgaris against fluoride-induced oxidative damage by using the metabolomics method.

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