The beneficial effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) on human health are widely known. Humans are rather inefficient in synthesizing n-3 LC-PUFA; thus, these compounds should be supplemented in the diet. However, most Western human diets have unbalanced n-6/n-3 ratios resulting from eating habits and the fact that fish sources (rich in n-3 LC-PUFA) are not sufficient (worldwide deficit ~347,956 t/y) to meet the world requirements. In this context, it is necessary to find new and sustainable sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. Poultry products can provide humans n-3 LC-PUFA due to physiological characteristics and the wide consumption of meat and eggs. The present work aims to provide a general overview of the main strategies that should be adopted during rearing and postproduction to enrich and preserve n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The strategies include dietary supplementation of α-Linolenic acid (ALA) or n-3 LC-PUFA, or enhancing n-3 LC-PUFA by improving the LA (Linoleic acid)/ALA ratio and antioxidant concentrations. Moreover, factors such as genotype, rearing system, transport, and cooking processes can impact the n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The use of a multifactorial view in the entire production chain allows the relevant enrichment and preservation of n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products.

/pdf/poultry-meat-and-eggs-as-an-alternative-source-of-n-3-long-2893g3j8.pdf

Poultry Meat and Eggs as an Alternative Source of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Human Nutrition

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary American cockroach Periplaneta americana meal (PAM) inclusion on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 g/kg PAM (defined as PAM100-PAM300), respectively. The final body weight and weight gain rate of PAM250 were significantly higher than those of PAM100 and PAM150, and a higher specific growth rate was recorded in PAM200-PAM300. The highest levels of liver alanine aminotransferase and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as well as serum total amino acids were detected in PAM150, while higher levels of liver AST and serum total protein were detected in PAM200-PAM300. The liver lipase activity of PAM150, PAM200, and PAM300 was significantly higher than that of PAM100. The liver glucose content in PAM150 was significantly higher than that in PAM250-PAM300. The highest liver catalase, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and lysozyme activities were detected in PAM300; the lowest liver malondialdehyde content was detected in PAM250, while the highest serum total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and total superoxide dismutase activities were detected in PAM250. The highest serum AKP and acid phosphatase activities were detected in PAM150, while higher serum IgM and complement C3 contents were detected in PAM200-PAM300. In conclusion, dietary PAM inclusion at 200-300 g/kg could improve the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of juvenile O. mykiss.

/pdf/effects-of-dietary-american-cockroach-periplaneta-americana-2h2nof2e.pdf

Effects of Dietary American Cockroach Periplaneta americana Meal Inclusion on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immunity of Juvenile Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss


Sustainable food system innovations are urgently needed to feed a growing human population while staying within planetary boundaries. Farmed edible insects have received considerable scientific and public attention due to their potential to improve food system circularity by upcycling nutrients from organic residual streams to nutritious food. Earthworms, as non-insect invertebrates, have remained largely unrecognized in the future foods debate. However, they are already widely farmed at industrial scale for their capacity to recycle organic wastes and improve soil fertility. We conducted a systematic literature review to provide a quantitative basis on earthworm nutritional composition, thereby positioning earthworms in the future foods debate. Here we show, based on evidence from 142 scientific studies, that farmed earthworms are a potentially interesting food source. They have an attractive nutrient composition compared to the main farmed edible insect species, being especially rich in protein, low in fat and containing a favourable profile of essential amino acids. The content of important fatty acids, minerals and vitamins in earthworm biomass is higher or lower than in edible insects, depending on the feed material. Crude protein and fat contents are higher in farmed versus wild earthworms, indicating that farming conditions provide a lever for further improving the nutritional composition of earthworm biomass. Whether earthworm species or feed materials affect earthworm nutritional composition could not be finally clarified based on the available data. We conclude that earthworms have high potential as a future food from a nutritional perspective, mainly as an alternative source of protein. The integration of earthworm farming in future food systems can be expected to improve sustainability and circularity, potentially giving earthworms an advantage over edible insects.

Positioning earthworms in the future foods debate: a systematic review of earthworm nutritional composition in comparison to edible insects

The selected chemical composition (dry matter, ash, total protein, and crude fat) of the integumentary muscles of Dendrobaena veneta were determined, plus the dry matter (DM) percentage content of 17 amino acids and the profile (%) of fatty acids. Results were compared with a more fully studied earthworm, Eisenia fetida. In addition, the composition of exogenous amino acids was compared to the WHO standard for pork, beef, and chicken eggs. Both earthworm species were grown on the same kitchen waste, and protein composition was analyzed using the same methods. Studies indicated that the muscle of D. veneta was characterized by a high level of protein (76.82% DM). A similar content of exogenous amino acids was observed in the protein of both earthworms, but for phenylalanine and isoleucine, slightly higher levels were recorded for E. fetida. More histidine, lysine, threonine, isoleucine, and arginine were found in earthworms compared with chicken egg white. Fatty acids play an essential role in balancing human or animal feed and their content determines the dietary and nutritional value of the food. Both earthworm species contained the appropriate content of saturated and unsaturated acids. In D. veneta, a higher content of arachidonic acid was found, and in E. fetida, lauric, tridecanoic, and palmitic acids were present. Future issues of food security may force us to seriously consider earthworm protein for indirect or even direct human consumption.

/pdf/chemical-composition-of-earthworm-dendrobaena-veneta-rosa-28mgv1m7.pdf

Chemical Composition of Earthworm (Dendrobaena veneta Rosa) Biomass Is Suitable as an Alternative Protein Source

The increasing human population growth, with its attendant pressure on food supply, has continued to drive the search for sustainable agro-tool practices. The need to improve crop yield and increase food production have resulted in the evolution of various agricultural practices, including manual and mechanical tillage practices, shifting cultivation, chemical fertilisation and weed control. Although many of these conventional agricultural methods have been effective in improving food output, their adverse effects on the biotic and abiotic environment question their efficiency and sustainability. Vermitechnology is a potentially sustainable tool to solving many environmental and agricultural challenges that confront humankind. Africa faces a number of challenges, including the twin problem of rising population size and food shortage. In spite of this, vermitechnology has remained relatively under-researched in the continent, and the opportunities presented by the application of earthworms and their products to improve plant and animal production have not been fully tapped. This chapter describes, among others, the basics of vermitechnology, its applicability as an agro-tool, and the potential it presents as a cost-effective tool to addressing some agricultural challenges in Africa. 

Vermitechnology: An Underutilised Agro-tool in Africa

This study propose to evaluate the fatty acid composition of the earthworm Eisenia andrei as an alternative lipid source for fish feed. Methods: The analytical composition of moisture, protein, lipids, ash and non-nitrogenous extract of earthworm meal Eisenia andrei and fishmeal was initially determined. Subsequently, the fatty acid contents of the lipids of these two ingredients were determined by gas chromatography. Results: Significant differences were found in the content of group ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA), with higher value (19.85 %) in the earthworm flour vs. 13,29% in fish meal, specifically the group of C14 PUFA, C16:2 n-4; C18: 2 n-6; C18: 3 n-6; C20:2 n-6; C20:3 n-6 and n-6 C20:4. The content of ω-3 fatty acids, mainly C20:5 n-3 and n-3 C22:6 is also important in the earthworn flour. Conclusions: the flour of E. Andrei could be recommended as a source of protein and lipid in fish feed because of its high protein and PUFA content.

/pdf/evaluation-of-the-fatty-acid-composition-of-earthworm-4ag1lcn1bs.pdf

Evaluation of the Fatty Acid Composition of Earthworm Eisenia andrei Meal as an Alternative Lipid Source for Fish Feed

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Evaluation of the Fatty Acid Composition of Earthworm Eisenia andrei Meal as an Alternative Lipid Source for Fish Feed