Carbon nanomaterials in tribology

Nanolubricants have attracted great interest due to the promise of friction and wear reduction by introducing nanoparticles. To date, the foremost challenge for developing a new nanolubricant is particle suspension. To understand the mechanisms of nanoparticle dispersion and identify bottlenecks, we conducted a comprehensive review of published literature and carried out an analysis of dispersion based on available data from the past 20 years. This research has led to three findings. First, there are two primary methods in dispersion: formulation with dispersant and surface modification. Second, surfactant and alkoxysilanes are primary chemical groups used for surface modification. Third, functionalization using surfactant is found to be suitable for nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm. For larger particles (>50 nm), alkoxysilanes are the best. The existence of a critical size has not been previously known. To better understand these three findings, we conducted an analysis using a numerical calculation based on colloidal theory. It revealed that a minimal thickness of the grafted layer in surfactant-modified nanoparticles was responsible for suspending small nanoparticles. For larger nanoparticles (>50 nm), they were suitable for silanization of alkoxysilane due to increased grafting density. This research provides new understanding and guidelines to disperse nanoparticle in a lubricating oil.

Dispersion of Nanoparticles in Lubricating Oil: A Critical Review

Polymer/nanodiamond composites - a comprehensive review from synthesis and fabrication to properties and applications.

Over the last few years, interest in applications of nanoparticles as lubricant additives has steadily grown due to the demonstrated reduction in friction and wear of nanoparticle-containing lubricant formulations (so-called nanolubricants). Particularly, studies of motor oils containing a “green” all-carbon additive, detonation nanodiamond (DND) particles, revealed their positive impact on the performance of lubricant compositions and fuel economy in engine tests. In the current review we discuss critical issues toward successful implementation of DND in nanolubricants: role of DND structural characteristics, stability of colloids of DND in oils, DND compatibility and synergism with other additives in commercial oils, mechanisms of DND impact on the properties of lubricants. Owing to the abrasive nature of diamond, DND-based nanolubricants must be carefully engineered in order to avoid increased wear of the friction surfaces and get full benefit from significantly reduced friction of well-polished surfaces.

Nanodiamond-based nanolubricants for motor oils

Synthesis of poly(ionic liquid)s brush-grafted carbon dots for high-performance lubricant additives of polyethylene glycol

Tribological Improvements of Dispersed Nanodiamond Additives in Lubricating Mineral Oil

Numerical and Experimental Tribological Investigations of Diamond Nanoparticles

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Tribological Improvements of Dispersed Nanodiamond Additives in Lubricating Mineral Oil

Numerical and Experimental Tribological Investigations of Diamond Nanoparticles