Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures provides requirements for general structural design and includes means for determining dead, live, soil, flood, wind, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, and earthquake loads, as well as their combinations, which are suitable for inclusion in building codes and other documents. This Standard, a revision of ASCE/SEI 7-05, offers a complete update and reorganization of the wind load provisions, expanding them from one chapter into six. The Standard contains new ultimate event wind maps with corresponding reductions in load factors, so that the loads are not affected, and updates the seismic loads with new risk-targeted seismic maps. The snow, live, and atmospheric icing provisions are updated as well. In addition, the Standard includes a detailed Commentary with explanatory and supplementary information designed to assist building code committees and regulatory authorities. Standard ASCE/SEI 7 is an integral part of building codes in the United States. Many of the load provisions are substantially adopted by reference in the International Building Code and the NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code. Structural engineers, architects, and those engaged in preparing and administering local building codes will find this Standard an essential reference in their practice. Note: New orders are fulfilled from the second printing, which incorporates the errata to the first printing.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

The European Design Guide for Tensile Surface Structures was the key outcome from the EU-funded (Contract G1RT-CT-2000-05010) Thematic Network, TensiNet, which brought together 22 partners (including academic researchers, designers, material manufacturers, fabricators and testing laboratories) from 9 different countries. The publication presented state-of-art knowledge and research in the area of tensile surface structures to provide recommendations to designers, in the absence of comprehensive national or European design guidance in this area. As one of the Scientific Co-ordinators for TensiNet, Chilton was responsible for directing the working groups and, in particular, for producing the chapter on Internal Environment, which includes findings from his own research. He also co-authored the Introduction chapter of the book with the joint editor Brian Forster (pp17-24). The research into the thermal performance of tensile surface enclosures (including multi-layer and insulated envelopes) is ongoing

Introduction [European design guide for tensile surface structures]

A dynamic development in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) has been observed in recent years. One of the manifestations of this trend is the integration of photovoltaic cells with tensile membrane structures, including canopies. Such solutions bring mutual benefits—the roofs provide a potentially large area for the application of photovoltaic cells while contributing to the improvement of the energy efficiency of the building. However, what is lacking is thorough research on the most favourable photovoltaic cell exposure within these roofs. This paper investigates the optimal position of photovoltaic cells in terms of energy gains related to exposure to solar radiation. Hypar geometries were simulated as the most characteristic of tensile membrane roofs and, simultaneously, the least obvious in the research context. Simulations were performed for 54 roof samples with the following geometric variables: roof height (1.0, 3.0 m) and membrane prestress (1:3, 1:1, 3:1). The research was conducted for three roof orientations defined by azimuth angles of 0, 22.5, and 45 degrees and three geographic locations, Oslo, Vienna, and Lisbon, representing Northern, Central, and Southern Europe, respectively. The Sofistik and Rhino + Ladybug software were used to create models and simulations. The study results show significant differences in the roof irradiation and, consequently, the optimal location of BIPVs depending on the above variables. Generally, it is the curvature that is the most important variable-less curved roofs are more irradiated and thus more suitable for BIPVs. Prestress and the azimuth angle are of lesser significance, but defining the optimal use of a BIPV depends on the adopted scenario regarding the percentage of membrane coverage with PVs—other recommendations concern the strategy of total or partial roof coverage with PV cells. The difference between optimally and incorrectly designed roofs may amount to a 50% electricity gain from PV cells. 

Irradiation Analysis of Tensile Membrane Structures for Building-Integrated Photovoltaics

Structure symmetry is a common phenomenon with a significant effect on mechanical systems. In this article, the technology of knowledge discovery was adopted to mine association rules from the database of mechanical structure symmetry design instances, and design knowledge of structure symmetry was built to guide the application of structure symmetry in mechanical design. The process of the knowledge discovery in design instances mainly includes the following steps. First, more than 1000 design instances were collected. Three standardized systems, including structure symmetry system, design requirement system, and structure design principle system, were built. Then the design instances were analyzed based on the three standardized systems. Second, a physical database was designed, and the information of design instances was stored in the database. Third, the association rules among structure symmetry, design requirement, and structure design principle were mined using association rule mining algorithm. Finally, the design knowledge of structure symmetry in realizing design requirements was proposed by analyzing mining results and relevant instances. The proposed design knowledge can lead to the application of structure symmetry and help to improve the technical, economic, and social performance of the mechanical products.

https://ade.sagepub.com/content/7/11/1687814015615044.full.pdf

Knowledge discovery in design instances of mechanical structure symmetry

This paper analyzes higher-order ruled surfaces in terms of their application in architecture and design. The possibilities of applying their characteristic segments and cuttings in the design of architectural objects, as well as the possibilities of their being multiplied and combined into more complex spatial structures are considered. The suggested design solutions should in practice enable the implementation of higher-order surfaces into the geometric forms of future architectural structures, as well as their use in different areas of design. The criteria for the selection of higher-order ruled surfaces are defined in this paper while their successful research, analysis and practical application are studied.

Higher-Order Ruled Surfaces and their Possible Use in Architectural Design

Tensile membrane structures are often used as protective structures in order to provide cover from snow, rain, and direct sunlight. They are widely popular because of their advanced structural and architectural properties. Currently, their application is common at sport stadia and public spaces. There are several types of loads acting on tensile membrane structures, most importantly prestress, snow load, and wind load. However, concentrated loads also act on these structures, but they are frequently neglected during the structural analysis. There is yet no European standard on designing tensile membrane structures that would give guidance on structural analysis and incorporation of point load actions in the analysis. In addition, there is little scientific knowledge on how point loads affect tensile membrane structures. This research aims at revealing whether point loads can produce significant membrane deflections and in such way cause damage to the structure or to the objects underneath the membrane. In order to evaluate their importance, point load deflections are compared to deflections induced by snow load. This was done on a large number of numerical models differing in several parameters. Models represent typical geometries of hypar membrane structures on a square base. Obtained results show that, in many cases, point loads can produce larger membrane deflections compared to the snow load. This finding will have an impact on including the point load actions into standardization of design and analysis procedures of tensile membrane structures in Europe.

/pdf/comparison-of-point-and-snow-load-deflections-in-design-and-3fjuu0ixiz.pdf

Comparison of Point and Snow Load Deflections in Design and Analysis of Tensile Membrane Structures

The idea of construction of twin buildings is as old as architecture itself, and yet there is hardly any study emphasizing their specificity. Most frequently there are two objects or elements in an architectural composition of “twins” in which there may be various symmetry relations, mostly bilateral symmetries. The classification of “twins” symmetry in this paper is based on the existence of bilateral symmetry, in terms of the perception of an observer. The classification includes both, 2D and 3D perception analyses. We start analyzing a pair of twin buildings with projection of the architectural composition elements in 2D picture plane (plane of the composition) and we distinguish four 2D keyframe cases based on the relation between the bilateral symmetry of the twin composition and the bilateral symmetry of each element. In 3D perception for each 2D keyframe case there are two sub-variants, with and without a symmetry plane parallel to the picture plane. The bilateral symmetry is dominant if the corresponding symmetry plane is orthogonal to the picture plane. The essence of the complete classification is relation between the bilateral (dominant) symmetry of the architectural composition and the bilateral symmetry of each element of that composition.

Symmetry of “Twins”

Mapping of projective creations which includes the II degree surfaces in the
 projective, general collinear spaces is complex. In order to simplify it,
 firstly the characteristic parameters must be constructively determined:
 vanishing planes, axes and centers of spaces. All II degree surfaces are
 mapped using the common elements of absolute conic and infinitely distant
 conic of quadrics in the infinitely distant plane of space, which provide the
 determination of parameters of any surface of II degree. The common elements
 of their associated pair of conics in vanishing plane of space are used. The
 paper analyzed the conditions of choice of general surface of II degree in
 the first space to be mapped into the respective general surface of II degree
 in the second collinear space. The mapping is biunivocal. A sphere is chosen
 in the first space, and it was analyzed how it should be placed in respect to
 the characteristic parameters of the space, so that it would be mapped in
 rotating or triaxial general surfaces of II degree in the second space.

/pdf/analysis-of-mapping-of-general-ii-degree-surfaces-in-32vgau3rro.pdf

Analysis of mapping of general II degree surfaces in collinear spaces

For graphic representation of the projective creations, such as the quadrics
 (II degree surfaces) in projective, general collinear spaces, it is necessary
 to firstly determine the characteristic parameters, such as: vanishing
 planes, axes and centers of space. An absolute conic of a space is an
 imaginary conic, residing in the infinitely distant plane of that space. The
 common elements of the absolute conic and infinitely distant conic of a
 quadric in the infinitely distant plane of that space are the autopolar
 triangle and two double straight lines which are always real and it is
 necessary to use the common elements of their associated pair of conics in
 the vanishing plane of the associated space. The quadric axes are passing
 through the apices of the autopolar triangle, and they are important for
 graphic representation of the quadrics. In order to map a sphere in the first
 space into the triaxial ellipsoid in the second space, it is necessary to
 select a sphere so that its center is not on the axis of that space and that
 it intersects the vanishing plane of the second space along the imaginary
 circumference, which is in general position with the figure of the absolute
 conic of the second space (the associated pair of conics in the vanishing
 plane).

/pdf/graphic-representation-of-a-triaxial-ellipsoid-by-means-of-a-18brf2uzq9.pdf

Graphic representation of a triaxial ellipsoid by means of a sphere in general collinear spaces

Membrane structures exhibit large displacements under external loads. These are a consequence of the low stiffness of the membrane. One of the ways to increase the stiffness of the structure is to increase the prestress intensity of the membrane or of the cables. This paper presents a research done on the influence of the prestress intensities on the displacements under point loads since point loads have a significant impact on the displacements in membrane structures. In this research the prestress of the membrane and the prestress of the edge cables have been investigated separately. Ten different intensities of the membrane prestress, and five different intensities of the cable prestress, combined with four positions of the point load have been modeled. The intensity of the point load has been kept constant in all loads cases. The research is conducted on numerical models in software Sofistik. Displacements under given parameters of the membrane structure and the point loads were recorded and maximal displacements were compared. The obtained results provide a better understanding of the relation between the prestress intensities and displacements of saddle shaped membranes. The outcome of the research can be used to better predict and to reduce the displacements of membranes under point loads.

/pdf/effects-of-different-prestress-intensities-on-the-2cw5nsoko0.pdf

Effects of different prestress intensities on the displacement of membrane structures under point loads

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