In vitro and in vivo aphrodisiac properties of Corchorus depressus Linn. on rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscle relaxation and sexual behavior of normal male rats.

Despite progress made in modern medical science herbal drugs constitute a major share of all the officially recognized systems of health in India viz. Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy and Naturopathy. More than 70% of India’s 1.1 billion populations still use these non-allopathic systems of medicine. Various synthetic drugs like Sildenafil citrate, Tadalafil citrate, Vardenafil, etc are used to treat ED but these drugs also have fatal side effects. The use of synthetic aphrodisiacs results in the dilation of blood vessels in other parts of the body causing headache and fainting. Other side effects include facial flushing, stomach upset, blurred vision and sensitivity to light which usually occur at higher doses. Thus, there is growing need to look for aphrodisiacs more of herbal origin as opposed to synthetic compounds which are known to cause severe unwanted side effects. Unlike the old-time aphrodisiacs, which were meant only to increase sex drive and/or sexual pleasure, modern stimulants including Viagra, may rightly be called medications, since their purpose is to correct problems that make sex difficult or impossible. Besides of the fact that several plant sources contain aphrodisiac ingredients (phytochemicals) which can be beneficial as an immune modulator, sex stimulant and also as medication in erectile dysfunctions, there is very low range of research work carried out in this field. This review contains a collection of more than 200 medicinally important plants which are not only aphrodisiac in nature but also used to treat ED. All the herbal plants in this review are verified from the Current Scientific Literature as well as traditional book.

Nature's Aphrodisiacs - A Review of Current Scientific Literature

The genus Crotalaria comprises about 600 species that are distributed throughout the tropics and subtropical regions of the world; they are antagonistic to nematodes in sustainable crop production systems, and have also shown antimicrobial capacity. Chipilin (C. longirostrata), which belongs to this genus, is a wild plant that grows in the state of Chiapas (Mexico) and is traditionally is used as food. Its leaves also have medicinal properties and are used as hypnotics and narcotics; however, the plant has received little research attention to date. In the experimental part of this study, dried leaves were macerated by ethanol. The extract obtained was fractionated with ethyl ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, 2-propanone, and water. The extracts were evaluated against three bacteria—namely, Escherichia coli (Ec), Citrobacter freundii (Cf), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Se)—and three fungi—Fusarium oxysporum A. comiteca (FoC), Fusarium oxysporum A. tequilana (FoT), and Fusarium solani A. comiteca (FSC). During this preliminary study, a statistical analysis of the data showed that there is a significant difference between the control ciprofloxacin (antibacterial), the antifungal activity experiments (water was used as a negative control), and the fractions used. The aqueous fraction (WF) was the most active against FoC, FsC, and FoT (30.65, 20.61, and 27.36% at 96 h, respectively) and the ethyl ether fraction (EEF) was the most active against Se (26.62% at 48 h).

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/3/883/pdf

Alternative Use of Extracts of Chipilín Leaves (Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & Arn) as Antimicrobial

This work was designed to study the antimicrobial activity of Crotalaria bernieri Baill. (Fabaceae). Extracts from leaf, root, pod and seed using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol were tested in vitro for their activity against 17 bacteria, 5 fungi (3 yeasts and 2 molds) using disc diffusion and micro dilution methods. At the concentration of 1 mg/disc, all the extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity depending on the plant part and the extraction method used. The most sensitive germs were Salmonella enteridis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida guilliermondii with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 11 mm, 15 mm and 13 mm respectively. Most of extracts showed, broad activity spectrum varying from one extract to another. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of all extracts were recorded. Ten extracts displayed an excellent effect (MIC 1000 µg/ml). Leaf methanol extracts were the most efficient and Gram positive bacteria the most sensitive. All extracts had bactericidal (MBC/MIC ≤ 4) or fungicidal action (MFC/MIC ≤ 4) in certain microorganisms and bacteriostatic (MBC/MIC > 4) or fungistatic action (MFC/MIC > 4) in others. Antimicrobial activity might be due to tannins, polyphenols, steroids, triterpenes and flavonoids that were present in most of the plant organs, but alkaloids in leaf and pod and saponosides in root might also be involved. C. bernieri with the effectiveness of all its parts, the variety of its secondary metabolites, the great number of sensitive pathogen microorganisms and its ubiquity make this plant species an interesting source of antimicrobial agents.

	Key words: Crotalaria bernieri, antimicrobial activity, disc diffusion method, microdilution method, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration.

/pdf/antimicrobial-activity-of-extracts-from-crotalaria-bernieri-4d8vf41tu6.pdf

Antimicrobial activity of extracts from Crotalaria bernieri Baill. (Fabaceae)

In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Syzygium densiflorum fruits

Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham. (Family- Fabaceae) is used traditionally in the treatment of eczema. Petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of root were screened for antimicrobial activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi. The tests were carried out using agar disc diffusion method at four different concentrations of the crude extracts. All the extracts inhibited the growth of both Gram positive bacteria ( Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , Micrococcus luteus ) and Gram negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella typhimurium ). The Gram positive bacteria appeared to be more susceptible to the extracts than the Gram negative bacteria. Methanol extract at the concentration ranging between 250 µg/ml and 1000 µg/ml showed inhibitory activity against all bacteria while petroleum ether and chloroform extract showed moderate antimicrobial activity. Aqueous extract was found neutral against all bacteria. The extracts also showed significant antifungal activity against A. niger and C. albicans . All the microorganisms showed dose dependent susceptibility towards the extracts used in the study. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extracts and standard drugs were statistically significant. The results indicate the potential of C. burhia root in treating microbial infections, thus, justifying their traditional use in the treatment of eczema, which are of infectious origin.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/10817/1/IJNPR%201%284%29%20481-484.pdf

Antimicrobial activity of Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham. root.

The Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham. (Fabaceae), commonly known as jhamo and khip , is an undershurb, fibrous plant, traditionally used in the treatment of gout, hydrophobia and swelling. Present study assumes singular significance, and it is supposed to contribute a great deal to the existing literature. The present investigation was, therefore, undertaken to determine the requisite pharmacognostical standards for standardization of the plant material. Various investigations like organoleptic characters, microscopic study, physicochemical standards, fluorescence analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and chromatographic study of the plant were carried out, and the salient qualitative parameters were reported. These studies provided referential information for correct identification and standardization of this plant material. These information will also be helpful to differentiate Crotalaria burhia from the closely related other species of Crotalaria.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/12828/4/IJTK%2010%284%29%20629-635.pdf

Pharmacognostic evaluation of Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham

Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham. (Family-Fabaceae) popularly known as Khip is employed in Indian folk medicine for the treatment of gout, hydrophobia, pain and swelling. In present study antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed using acetic-acid induced writhing and formalin induced pain in mice and acute, subacute models of inflammation in rats. These studies demonstrated that oral administration of methanolic extract of whole plant (including aerial parts and root) of C. burhia (MECB) (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) exhibited significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. In acetic acid writhing reflex model MECB 400 mg/kg, p.o. had shown significant antinociceptive effect but pretreatment with naloxone blocked the protective effect of the extract. In formalin induced pain MECB 400 mg/kg significantly inhibited the inflammation-induced pain better than the pain resulting from neurogenic phase. In acute inflammation as produced by carrageenan 62.19% after 6 h, by histamine 20.00%, by 5-hydroxytryptamine 27.27%, and by prostaglandin E2 26.92% protection was observed, while in subacute anti-inflammatory model using formaldehyde-induced hind paw edema (after 1.5 h) 49.29% protection from inflammation was observed at 400 mg/kg oral dose of MECB. MECB neither showed ulcerogenic effect at different doses of MECB nor any sign of toxicity and mortality up to a dose level of 5000 mg/kg, p.o. in rats and mice. These data indicate that MECB possesses significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities without ulcerogenic effect.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/14420/1/IJNPR%203%282%29%20189-196.pdf

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham. whole plant

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Antimicrobial activity of Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham. root.

Pharmacognostic evaluation of Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham. whole plant