It is generally recognised that the history of Latin American development in the last half century has been dominated by the presence of the state. Less common, however, is the attempt at systematically exploring the links between specific forms of government economic intervention and variations in the fundamental characteristics of the Latin American state, including its relationship with civil society.

Accumulation, Adjustment and the Autonomy of the State in Latin America

In this paper we trace and interpret changes in the geographical pattern and city-size distribution of the world's largest cities in the twentieth century. Since 1900 the geographical distribution ...

City-Size Distributions and the World Urban System in the Twentieth Century

Despite the fact that economic and demographic factors conventionally are considered to be integrally related, researchers have overlooked recent changes in the structure of the American economy that may have affected fertility in the United States. This article seeks to raise questions and explores the possibility that recent processes of industrial restructuring have created new employment patterns and socioeconomic conditions which have influenced American fertility positively. Specifically, conditions of underemployment and unemployment, generated by the service and manufacturing sectors, may be conducive to increased fertility.

American fertility and industrial restructuring: a possible link.

The economic value of children: a case study from rural India.

The literature about the origin of the African debt crisis lists a number of factors as its causes. The oil price shocks of 1973-74 and 1978-79, the expansion of the Eurodollar, a rise in public expenditure by African governments following rising commodity prices in the early 1970s, the recession in industrial countries and the subsequent commodity price fall, and a rise in real world interest rate are usually mentioned as major factors. Surprisingly, almost all the literature starts its analysis either in the early 1970s or, at best, after independence in the 1960s. The main argument in this paper is that one has to go beyond this period not only to adequately explain the current debt crisis, but also to propose its possible solution. The conclusion that emerges from such analysis is that the African debt problem is essentially a trade problem.

The Historical Origin of African Debt Crisis

A summary of the 1984 World Development Report is provided. The 3 major points stressed in the report were: 1) rapid population growth adversely affects development 2) governments must adopt policies to reduce fertility and 3) policies adopted by many countries have effectively reduced fertility. World population growth began accelerating at 0.5%/year in the 18th century and by 1950 the annual acceleration rate was 2%. Most of the increase in population size is occurring in less developed countries and this increase is due in part to the recent decline in mortality experienced by these countries. Of the 80 million individuals who will be added to the worlds population in 1984 70 million will be in the developing countries. Since 1965 the population growth rate for developing countries as a group declined from 2.4% to 2%. However because of the high proportion of younger aged individuals in developing countries the decline in fertility is expected to level off. According to World Bank population projections the world population will stabilize at around 11 billion in 2150. During the interium the population of developing countries will increase from its present level of 3.6 billion to 8.4 billion and the population of developed countries will increase from 1.2 billion to 1.4 billion. These projections are probably overly optimistic. The adverse impact on development of rapid population growth is due to several factors. 1st resources which could be used for investment must instead be used to fulfill the consumption needs of an increased number of people. 2nd increases in the labor force must be absorbed by the agricultural sector and this reduces agricultural productivity. 3rd rapid population growth increases management problems. The adaption of policies by governments to reduce fertility is a necessary step in halting population growth. For poor families children provide economic security. Therefore governments must act to improve the economic conditions for poor families if they hope to reduce population growth. Education and job opportunities must be expanded and social security provided for the elderly. In the past it was assumed that fertility would only decline when urbanization industrialization and income reached a certain level. It is now known that appropriate policies can effectively reduce fertility even in the absence of economic advancement. Fertility declines are more closely related to increases in literacy and life expectancy than to increases in the gross national product. Family planning programs in China Colombia Egypt India Indonesia Korea Sri Lanka and Tunisia have reduced fertility far below the level normally associated with the income levels prevailing in those countries.

Population growth. Its magnitude and implications for development.

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Population growth. Its magnitude and implications for development.