This article presents an overview of the developments in stainless steels made since the 1990s. Some of the new applications that involve the use of stainless steel are also introduced. A brief introduction to the various classes of stainless steels, their precipitate phases and the status quo of their production around the globe is given first. The advances in a variety of subject areas that have been made recently will then be presented. These recent advances include (1) new findings on the various precipitate phases (the new J phase, new orientation relationships, new phase diagram for the Fe–Cr system, etc.); (2) new suggestions for the prevention/mitigation of the different problems and new methods for their detection/measurement and (3) new techniques for surface/bulk property enhancement (such as laser shot peening, grain boundary engineering and grain refinement). Recent developments in topics like phase prediction, stacking fault energy, superplasticity, metadynamic recrystallisation and the calculation of mechanical properties are introduced, too. In the end of this article, several new applications that involve the use of stainless steels are presented. Some of these are the use of austenitic stainless steels for signature authentication (magnetic recording), the utilisation of the cryogenic magnetic transition of the sigma phase for hot spot detection (the Sigmaplugs), the new Pt-enhanced radiopaque stainless steel (PERSS) coronary stents and stainless steel stents that may be used for magnetic drug targeting. Besides recent developments in conventional stainless steels, those in the high-nitrogen, low-Ni (or Ni-free) varieties are also introduced. These recent developments include new methods for attaining very high nitrogen contents, new guidelines for alloy design, the merits/demerits associated with high nitrogen contents, etc.

Recent developments in stainless steels

The influence of nanocrystalline structure and processing route on corrosion of stainless steel: A review

The importance of application of shot peening process to obtain nanocrystal surface is presented with an inclusive clarification of actual state of the art. Description of different shot peening methods which have proved to be able to create nanocrystallised layers is presented. Then the available microstructural characteristics of nanocrystal thin layers obtained with different processes are depicted. In addition, the influence of the process is reviewed on material behaviour under different loading conditions. On this basis, some possible addresses for future research in this field are drawn and underlined.

Review of shot peening processes to obtain nanocrystalline surfaces in metal alloys

Corrosion fatigue of biomedical metallic alloys: Mechanisms and mitigation

Surface integrity of machined components has a critical impact on their performance. Magnesium alloys are lightweight materials used in the transportation industry and are also emerging as a potential material for biodegradable medical implants. Surface integrity factors, such as grain size, crystallographic orientation and residual stress, have been proved to remarkably influence the functional performance of magnesium alloys, including corrosion/wear resistance and fatigue life. In this study, the influence of dry and cryogenic machining (liquid nitrogen was sprayed on the machined surface during machining) using different cutting edge radius tools on surface integrity was investigated. Compared with the initial material, cryogenic machining when using a large edge radius tool led to enhanced surface integrity in terms of the following: (1) improved surface finish; (2) significant grain refinement from 12 μm to 31 nm in the featureless surface layer; (3) large intensity of (0002) basal plane on the machined surface; (4) 10 times larger compressive areas in residual stress profiles; these changes should notably improve the functional performance of machined AZ31B Mg alloy. In addition to the frequently reported benefits on tool life, this study suggests that cryogenic machining may also enhance the surface integrity of the workpiece and improve the performance of machined components.

Enhanced surface integrity of AZ31B Mg alloy by cryogenic machining towards improved functional performance of machined components

The nanocrystalline microstructure in the surface of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel induced by high-energy shot peening has been characterized by means of X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of shot peening on corrosion resistance of the steel have been investigated by polarization curves and pit corrosion tests, and the surface morphologies of the corrosion samples have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that shot peening can cause surface nanocrystallization; that is, a nanocrystalline microstructure with an average grain size of ∼ 18 nm forms in the surface layer of the sample, and furthermore, can induce α-martensite of about 15% in volume fraction. With increasing depth from the shot-peened surface, the grain size increases, but the volume fraction of the α-martensite decreases. The surface nanocrystallization can improve the potentiodynamic polarization behavior of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel in 3.5% NaCl solution. Comparing to the as-received coarse crystalline counterpart, the passive film on the surface of the shot-peened sample is easier to form and more stable. Shot-peening-induced surface nanocrystallization can markedly enhance the corrosion resistance of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel in the chlorine–ion-contained solution.

Surface nanocrystallization induced by shot peening and its effect on corrosion resistance of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel

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Surface nanocrystallization induced by shot peening and its effect on corrosion resistance of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel