Flexible tactile sensors capable of measuring mechanical stimuli via physical contact have attracted significant attention in the field of human-interactive systems. The utilization of tactile information can complement vision and/or sound interaction and provide new functionalities. Recent advancements in micro/nanotechnology, material science, and information technology have resulted in the development of high-performance tactile sensors that reach and even surpass the tactile sensing ability of human skin. Here, important advances in flexible tactile sensors over recent years are summarized, from sensor designs to system-level applications. This review focuses on the representative strategies based on design and material configurations for improving key performance parameters including sensitivity, detection range/linearity, response time/hysteresis, spatial resolution/crosstalk, multidirectional force detection, and insensitivity to other stimuli. System-level integration for practical applications beyond conceptual prototypes and promising applications, such as artificial electronic skin for robotics and prosthetics, wearable controllers for electronics, and bidirectional communication tools, are also discussed. Finally, perspectives on issues regarding further advances are provided.

Recent Progress in Flexible Tactile Sensors for Human-Interactive Systems: From Sensors to Advanced Applications.

In situ conversion of mechanical energy into electricity is a feasible solution to satisfy the increasing power demand of the Internet of Things (IoTs). A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is considered as a potential solution via building self-powered systems. Based on the triboelectrification effect and electrostatic induction, a conventional TENG with pulsed AC output characteristics always needs rectification and energy storage units to obtain a constant DC output to drive electronic devices. Here, we report a next-generation TENG, which realizes constant current (crest factor, ~1) output by coupling the triboelectrification effect and electrostatic breakdown. Meanwhile, a triboelectric charge density of 430 μC m−2 is attained, which is much higher than that of a conventional TENG limited by electrostatic breakdown. The novel DC-TENG is demonstrated to power electronics directly. Our findings not only promote the miniaturization of self-powered systems used in IoTs but also provide a paradigm-shifting technique to harvest mechanical energy.

http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/5/4/eaav6437.full.pdf

A constant current triboelectric nanogenerator arising from electrostatic breakdown.

More than energy harvesting – Combining triboelectric nanogenerator and flexible electronics technology for enabling novel micro-/nano-systems

Funding information A*STAR-NCBR, Grant/Award Number: R263-000-C91-305; HIFES Seed Funding, Grant/Award Number: R263-501-012-133; National Key Research and Development Program of China, Grant/Award Numbers: 2019YFB2004800, R-2020-S-002; RIE Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering (AME) programmatic grant, Grant/Award Number: A18A4b0055 Abstract Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology is a promising research field for energy harvesting and nanoenergy and nanosystem (NENS) in the aspect of mechanical, electrical, optical, acoustic, fluidic, and so on. This review systematically reports the progress of TENG technology, in terms of energy-boosting, emerging materials, self-powered sensors, NENS, and its further integration with other potential technologies. Starting from TENG mechanisms including the ways of charge generation and energy-boosting, we introduce the applications from energy harvesters to various kinds of self-powered sensors, that is, physical sensors, chemical/gas sensors. After that, further applications in NENS are discussed, such as blue energy, human-machine interfaces (HMIs), neural interfaces/implanted devices, and optical interface/wearable photonics. Moving to new research directions beyond TENG, we depict hybrid energy harvesting technologies, dielectric-elastomer-enhancement, self-healing, shape-adaptive capability, and self-sustained NENS and/or internet of things (IoT). Finally, the outlooks and conclusions about future development trends of TENG technologies are discussed toward multifunctional and intelligent systems.

Progress in TENG technology—A journey from energy harvesting to nanoenergy and nanosystem

Flexible High-Resolution Triboelectric Sensor Array Based on Patterned Laser-Induced Graphene for Self-Powered Real-Time Tactile Sensing

Triboelectrification-enabled thin-film tactile matrix for self-powered high-resolution imaging

A Late Pleistocene human genome from Southwest China

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Triboelectrification-enabled thin-film tactile matrix for self-powered high-resolution imaging

A Late Pleistocene human genome from Southwest China