Exploring the variations of soil bacterial communities can contribute to the sustainability of Chinese fir plantations (CFPs). As the living environments of soil bacteria, soil aggregates significantly affect the diversity and composition regarding soil bacterial communities in CFPs. However, the distribution characteristics exhibited by soil bacteria at the aggregate scale are still not clear. In the present research, the diversity and composition regarding soil bacterial communities (using high‐flux sequencing) in CFPs with diverse stand ages (3, 9, 17, and 26 years) were analyzed from the perspective of soil aggregates (>2, 1–2, 0.25–1, <0.25 mm) in Guangxi, China. According to the results, regardless of the aggregate size and the stand age, bacterial communities in soil were mainly composed of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria. During Chinese fir growth, the relative abundance (RA) of soil Proteobacteria first elevated and afterwards reduced, with the greatest level in the 17 years, while that of soil Chloroflexi exhibited an inverse trend. In addition, the RA of soil Acidobacteria increased over time. At the aggregate scale, the 17‐year‐old CFPs presented the greatest soil bacterial community diversity (based on the Chao 1 and Shannon indices). After 17 years, the destruction of coarse macroaggregates (>2 mm) could induce the reduction of soil bacterial community diversity, as coarse macroaggregates, taking up the majority of bulk soil, offered suitable environments for soil bacteria to survive and thrive. Moreover, soil organic C and total N concentrations and soil pH also significantly affected the diversity and composition regarding soil bacterial communities over time. Hence, the conservation of coarse macroaggregates after 17 years of Chinese fir growth is important to sustain the soil health as well as the bacterial community diversity in Guangxi, China.

Soil bacterial community structure as affected by stand age in Chinese fir plantations: Insights at the aggregate scale

An integrated overview of metals contamination, source-specific risks investigation in coal mining vicinity soils.

The production of Eucalyptus, a principal economic tree genus in China, is faced with challenges related to soil phosphorus (P) limitations. In this study, we explore variations in phosphorus content, storage, and transformation in Eucalyptus forests. We hypothesize that mixed forests augment soil aggregate stability and P content and that microaggregates are pivotal in determining P differences between mixed and pure forests. Additionally, we posit that mixed forests foster P transformation, enhancing its efficacy in the soil. Current research on the distribution and transformation of soil total P (TP) and P fractions at the soil aggregate level is limited.In this study, we selected soil from a Eucalyptus-Mytilaria laosensis Lecomte mixed forest, Eucalyptus-Erythrophleum fordii Oliv mixed forest, and pure Eucalyptus forest in Chongzuo County, Guangxi, China, as the research objects. Using a dry-sieving method, we divided the soil collected in situ from the 0–40 cm layer into aggregates of >2, 1–2, 0.25–1, and <0.25 mm particle sizes, measured the TP and P fractions (resin-extractable inorganic P, bicarbonate-extractable inorganic P, bicarbonate-extractable organic P, sodium hydroxide-extractable inorganic P, sodium hydroxide-extractable organic P, dilute hydrochloric acid-extractable P, concentrated hydrochloric acid extractable inorganic P, concentrated hydrochloric acid-extractable organic P and residue-P) in different aggregates, and used redundancy analysis and PLS SEM to reveal key factors affecting soil P accumulation and transformation.The results showed that compared to pure Eucalyptus forests, mixed Eucalyptus forests significantly enhanced the stability of soil aggregates and the content and storage of phosphorus, especially the Eucalyptus-Mytilaria laosensis mixed forest. The content of total soil phosphorus and its fractions decreased with increasing aggregate particle size, while the opposite trend was observed for stored P, with aggregates <0.25 mm being the main fraction influencing soil phosphorus accumulation. The transformation process of P fractions was primarily constrained by dissolution rates, mineralization rates, biological activity, including the action of microbes, fungi, and plant–root interactions, and other factors.Mixed forests increased the transformation of phosphorus in soil aggregates, effectivel enhancing the availability of soil phosphorus. In summary, this study provides important evidence for the systematic management of subtropical artificia Eucalyptus forests and the sustainable utilization of soil resources.

Mixed Eucalyptus plantations in subtropical China enhance phosphorus accumulation and transformation in soil aggregates

The stoichiometry of soil macro and microelements plays a critical role in regulating Camellia oleifera nutrient accumulation and production

Maintaining soil biological diversity is an effective approach in facilitating Chinese fir plantations' sustainable development. However, dynamic characteristics of soil microbial and nematode communities during Chinese fir planting remain unclear, particularly on the aggregate scales, which are the main sites of soil biological activity. Therefore, the research aims to explore how stand age (3, 9, 17, and 26 years) of Chinese fir plantations affects soil microbial biomass (including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, based on the phospholipid fatty acid method), nematode abundances (including bacterivores, fungivores, plant parasites, and omnivores‐predators, based on the modified Baermann funnel method), and their diversity within aggregates of differing sizes (>2, 2–1, 1–0.25, and <0.25 mm). According to the findings, both aggregate size and stand age were major factors affecting soil microbes and nematodes in Chinese fir plantations. Specifically, soil microbial biomass (mainly bacteria), nematode abundances (except fungivores), and their diversity peaked within large macro‐aggregates (>2 mm), and the ranking order for stand ages was 17 > 9 ≈ 3 > 26 years. As the main fractions of soil aggregates in Chinese fir plantations, large macro‐aggregates had suitable internal environments for soil microbial propagation and nematode growth and mainly accumulated at 17 years, which caused the prosperity of soil microbes and nematodes at this stand age. Moreover, the partial least squares path model demonstrated that the influence of stand age on soil microbes and nematodes was indirect; but rather, the aggregate composition played a direct role in shaping their communities. Therefore, in order to maintain soil biological diversity, large macro‐aggregates should be protected during the growth of Chinese fir, especially at the late stage (from 17 to 26 years). Overall, these results could provide valuable insights into Chinese fir plantations' sustainable development.

Aggregate composition directly affects the characteristics of soil microbial and nematode communities in a chronosequence of Chinese fir plantations

In order to understand the fertility of soil comprehensively in Chinese fir plantations, the stoichiometric characteristics of soil nutrient elements should be paid more attention to. Despite the broad investigation of the stoichiometry regarding soil C, N, P, and K, the stoichiometry regarding soil Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn remains unclear. Therefore, this research aimed at exploring how the medium‐ and micro‐element (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+) contents, stocks, and their stoichiometric ratios (Ca2+/Mg2+ and Fe2+/Mn2+) in soil aggregates varied with Chinese fir‐planting age (3, 9, 17, and 26 years) in the soil profile (0–40 cm). Our results showed that the stand age affected the stoichiometric characteristics of soil medium‐ and micro‐elements in Chinese fir plantations, but such effects at the soil depth of 0–30 cm were more obvious compared with those at the 30–40 cm. At the soil depth of 0–30 cm, soil Fe2+ and Mn2+ were gradually accumulated over time, whereas soil Ca2+ and Mg2+ were susceptible to leaching and fir up taking. In the process of Chinese fir planting, decreasing soil Ca2+ and Mg2+, especially the Ca2+ (as demonstrated by decreasing soil Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio), could cause soil acidification. And then, soil acidification could lead to more Fe2+ and Mn2+ released by accelerated mineral collapse, especially the Fe2+ (as demonstrated by increasing soil Fe2+/Mn2+ ratio). Overall, the present research advances knowledge of soil nutrient dynamics in Chinese fir plantations and provides supplementary information for the ecological stoichiometry of soil in the terrestrial ecosystem elsewhere in the world.

Stoichiometric characteristics of medium‐ and micro‐elements (Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) in soil aggregates as affected by stand age in Chinese fir plantations

Litter and soil C-N-P stoichiometry are of great significance for the sustainable development of Chinese fir plantations ( Cunninghamia lanceolata ). This research aims to explore the influence of stand types (including C. lanceolata × Mytilaria laocsensis , C. lanceolata × Michelia macclurei , and the pure stand type of C. lanceolata ) on the C-N-P stoichiometric characteristics of litter and soil aggregates (including >2, 2-0.25, and <0.25 mm fractions) in Chinese fir plantations. Compared to the mixed stand types, the pure stand type had a higher level of litter C content and C/N ratio. However, litter C, N, and P stocks, together with soil organic C (C org ) and total N (N tot ) contents, stocks, and C/N/P ratios, were highest in the mixed stand types. Irrespective of the stand types, a decline in the size of soil aggregates was associated with an increase in the contents and ratios of soil C org , N tot , and total P (P tot ), and a converse trend was noted for their stock. Overall, this research helped to understand the C, N, and P dynamics of soil and litter among Chinese fir plantations, providing valuable insights for future Chinese fir cultivation practices.

Influence of Stand Types on the C-N-P
Stoichiometric Characteristics of Litter
and Soil Aggregate in Chinese Fir Plantations

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Stoichiometric characteristics of medium‐ and micro‐elements (Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) in soil aggregates as affected by stand age in Chinese fir plantations

Influence of Stand Types on the C-N-P Stoichiometric Characteristics of Litter and Soil Aggregate in Chinese Fir Plantations