The performance and stability of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is sensitive to water and moisture in an ambient environment. Understanding how H2O influences the perovskite material is also important for developing appropriate control strategies to mitigate the problem. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the effect of water on the state-of-the-art lead-based perovskite solar cells in terms of perovskite material design, perovskite film preparation, device fabrication, and photovoltaic application. It is found that a moderate amount of water can facilitate nucleation and crystallization of the perovskite material, resulting in better perovskite film quality and enhanced PSC performance. The perovskite materials are irreversibly destroyed by H2O after a certain level of water, but they exihibit better tolerance than initially expected. Humidity resistant fabrication of high-performance PSC devices and modules should therefore be favoured. Generally, water shows a negative effect on the long-term stability and lifetime of PSCs. To reduce the effects from water during outdoor operation, attention should be paid to different protection methods such as varying the perovskite composition, optimizing the electron/hole transport layer and encapsulation of the device.

/pdf/impact-of-h2o-on-organic-inorganic-hybrid-perovskite-solar-2l72d5jknr.pdf

Impact of H2O on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells

After rapid progress over the past five years, organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) currently exhibit photoconversion efficiencies comparable to the best commercially available photovoltaic technologies. However, instabilities in the materials and devices, primarily due to reactions with water, have kept PSCs from entering the marketplace. Here, laser beam induced current imaging is used to investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of the quantum efficiency of perovskite solar cells under controlled humidity conditions. Several interesting mechanistic aspects are revealed as the degradation proceeds along a four-stage process. Three of the four stages can be reversed, while the fourth stage leads to irreversible decomposition of the photoactive perovskite material. A series of reactions in the PbI2-CH3NH3I-H2O system explains the interplay between the interactions with water and the overall stability. Understanding of the degradation mechanisms of PSCs on a microscopic level gives insight into improving the long-term stability.

Perovskite Solar Cell Stability in Humid Air: Partially Reversible Phase Transitions in the PbI2-CH3NH3I-H2O System

Under illumination of light-emitting diode (LED) or sunlight, the green color of all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (CPB-NCs) often quickly changes to yellow, followed by large photoluminescence (PL) loss. To figure out what is happening on CPB-NCs during the color change process, the morphology, structure, and PL evolutions are systematically investigated by varying the influence factors of illumination, moisture, oxygen, and temperature. We find that the yellow color is mainly originated from the large CPB crystals formed in the illumination process. With maximized isolation of oxygen for the sandwiched film or the uncovered film stored in nitrogen, the color change can be dramatically slowed down whether there is water vapor or not. Under dark condition, the PL emissions are not significantly influenced by the varied relative humidity (RH) levels and temperatures up to 60 °C. Under the precondition of oxygen or air, color change and PL loss become more obvious when increasing the illuminatio...

Morphology Evolution and Degradation of CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals under Blue Light-Emitting Diode Illumination.

Solar cells are considered as one of the prominent sources of renewable energy suitable for large-scale adoption in a carbon-constrained world and can contribute to reduced reliance on energy imports, whilst improving the security of energy supply. A new arrival in the family of solar cells technologies is the organic-inorganic halide perovskite. The major thrust for endorsing these new solar cells pertains to their potential as an economically and environmentally viable option to traditional silicon-based technology. To verify this assertion, this paper presents a critical review of some existing photovoltaic (PV) technologies in comparison with perovskite-structured solar cells (PSCs), including material and performance parameters, production processes and manufacturing complexity, economics, key technological challenges for further developments and current research efforts. At present, there is limited environmental assessment of PSCs and consequently, a methodologically robust and environmentally expansive lifecycle supply chain assessment of two types of PSC modules A and B is also undertaken within the context of other PV technologies, to assess their potential for environmentally friendly innovation in the energy sector. Module A is based on MAPbX3 perovskite structure while module B is based on CsFAPbX3 with improved stability, reproducibility and high performance efficiency. The main outcomes, presented along with sensitivity analysis, show that PSCs offer more environmentally friendly and sustainable option, with the least energy payback period, as compared to other PV technologies. The review and analysis presented provide valuable insight and guidance in identifying pathways and windows of opportunity for future PV designs towards cleaner and sustainable energy production.

/pdf/perovskite-solar-cells-an-integrated-hybrid-lifecycle-284lsdqsm9.pdf

Perovskite solar cells: An integrated hybrid lifecycle assessment and review in comparison with other photovoltaic technologies

Encapsulation for long-term stability enhancement of perovskite solar cells

Instability of emerging perovskite organometallic halide in humidity environment is the biggest obstacle for its potential applications in solar energy harvest and electroluminescent display. Understanding the detailed decay mechanism of these materials in moisture is a critical step towards the final appropriate solutions. As a model study presented in this work, in situ synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction was combined with microscopy and gravimetric analysis to study the degradation process of CH3NH3PbI3 in moisture, and the results reveal that: 1) intermediate monohydrated CH3NH3PbI3·H2O is detected in the degradation process of CH3NH3PbI3 and the final decomposition products are PbI2 and aqueous CH3NH3I; 2) the aqueous CH3NH3I could hardly further decompose into volatile CH3NH2, HI or I2; 3) the moisture disintegrate CH3NH3PbI3 and then alter the distribution of the decomposition products, which leads to an incompletely-reversible reaction of CH3NH3PbI3 hydrolysis and degrades the photoelectric properties. These findings further elucidate the picture of hydrolysis process of perovskite organometallic halide in humidity environment.

/pdf/investigation-of-the-hydrolysis-of-perovskite-organometallic-5bbkz4zzn6.pdf

Investigation of the Hydrolysis of Perovskite Organometallic Halide CH3NH3PbI3 in Humidity Environment

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Investigation of the Hydrolysis of Perovskite Organometallic Halide CH3NH3PbI3 in Humidity Environment