The evolutionary success in information technology has been sustained by the rapid growth of sensor technology. Recently, advances in sensor technology have promoted the ambitious requirement to build intelligent systems that can be controlled by external stimuli along with independent operation, adaptivity, and low energy expenditure. Among various sensing techniques, field-effect transistors (FETs) with channels made of two-dimensional (2D) materials attract increasing attention for advantages such as label-free detection, fast response, easy operation, and capability of integration. With atomic thickness, 2D materials restrict the carrier flow within the material surface and expose it directly to the external environment, leading to efficient signal acquisition and conversion. This review summarizes the latest advances of 2D-materials-based FET (2D FET) sensors in a comprehensive manner that contains the material, operating principles, fabrication technologies, proof-of-concept applications, and prototypes. First, a brief description of the background and fundamentals is provided. The subsequent contents summarize physical, chemical, and biological 2D FET sensors and their applications. Then, we highlight the challenges of their commercialization and discuss corresponding solution techniques. The following section presents a systematic survey of recent progress in developing commercial prototypes. Lastly, we summarize the long-standing efforts and prospective future development of 2D FET-based sensing systems toward commercialization.

Two-Dimensional Field-Effect Transistor Sensors: The Road toward Commercialization.

ConspectusSince the rise of two-dimensional (2D) materials, synthetic methods including mechanical exfoliation, solution synthesis, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have been developed. Mechanical exfoliation prepares randomly shaped materials with small size. Solution synthesis introduces impurities that degrade the performances. CVD is the most successful one for low-cost scalable preparation. However, when it comes to practical applications, disadvantages such as high operating temperature (∼1000 °C), probable usage of metal catalysts, contamination, defects, and interstices introduced by postgrowth transfer are not negligible. These are the reasons why plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), a method that enables catalyst-free in situ preparation at low temperature, is imperatively desirable.In this Account, we summarize our recent progress on controllable preparation of 2D materials by PECVD and their applications. We found that there was a competition between etching and nucleation and deposition in PECVD, making it highly controllable to obtain desired materials. Under different equilibrium states of the competition, various 2D materials with diverse morphologies and properties were prepared including pristine or nitrogen-doped graphene crystals, graphene quantum dots, graphene nanowalls, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), B-C-N ternary materials (BCxN), etc. We also used mild plasma to modify or treat 2D materials (e.g., WSe2) for desired properties.PECVD has advantages such as low temperature, transfer-free process, and industrial compatibility, which enable facile, scalable, and low-cost preparation of 2D materials with clean surfaces and interfaces directly on noncatalytic substrates. These merits significantly benefit the as-prepared materials in the applications. Field-effect transistors with high motilities were directly fabricated on graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene. By use of h-BN as the dielectric interfacial layer, both mobilities and saturated power densities of the devices were improved owing to the clean, closely contacted interface and enhanced interfacial thermal dissipation. High-quality materials and interfaces also enabled promising applications of these materials in photodetectors, pressure sensors, biochemical sensors, electronic skins, Raman enhancement, etc. To demonstrate the commercial applications, several prototypical devices were studied such as distributed pressure sensor arrays, touching module on a robot hand for braille recognition, and smart gloves for recording sign language. Finally, we discuss opportunities and challenges of PECVD as a comprehensive preparation methodology of 2D materials for future applications beyond traditional CVD.

Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Two-Dimensional Materials for Applications.

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.

New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors.

Porous crystalline materials usually include metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) and zeolites, which exhibit exceptional porosity and structural/composition designability, promoting the increasing attention in memory and neuromorphic computing systems in the last decade. From both the perspective of materials and devices, it is crucial to provide a comprehensive and timely summary of the applications of porous crystalline materials in memory and neuromorphic computing systems to guide future research endeavors. Moreover, the utilization of porous crystalline materials in electronics necessitates a shift from powder synthesis to high-quality film preparation to ensure high device performance. This review highlights the strategies for preparing porous crystalline materials films and discusses their advancements in memory and neuromorphic electronics. It also provides a detailed comparative analysis and presents the existing challenges and future research directions, which can attract the experts from various fields (e.g., materials scientists, chemists, and engineers) with the aim of promoting the applications of porous crystalline materials in memory and neuromorphic computing systems. 

Porous crystalline materials for memories and neuromorphic computing systems.

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) with both water detection and adsorption properties are highly attractive for both basic research and applied research. Herein, we constructed hydrazone-linked Pythz-COF and urea-linked Pyurea-COF based on the building block 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-formylphenyl)pyrene (Py). The COFs presented high surface area and good chemical/thermal stabilities, as well as a significant fluorescence quenching response to trace water in organic solvents. The detection limit of water sensing in acetonitrile was as low as 0.09% for Pythz-COF and 0.02% for Pyurea-COF, and the COFs maintained good crystallinity and detection efficiency after at least five cycles. In addition, the COFs showed high atmospheric water harvesting capacity with the maximum water uptake of 83.2 wt% at RH = 90% for Pythz-COF. Both COFs are moisture-stable and easily regenerated. The outstanding sensing behavior and water storage capacity of the COFs give them great prospects in future applications for efficient water detection and adsorption.

Dual-functional two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks for water sensing and harvesting

Antifouling Field‐Effect Transistor Sensing Interface Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks

Loss of homeoprotein Msx1 and Msx2 leading to athletic and kinematic impairment related to the increasing neural excitability of neurons in aberrant neocortex in mice.

Msh homeobox (Msx) is a subclass of homeobox transcriptional regulators that control cell lineage development, including the early stage of vertebrate limb development, although the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Here, we demonstrate that Msx1 promotes the proliferation of myoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by enhancing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Msx1 directly binds to and upregulates the expression of fibroblast growth factor 9 (Fgf9) and Fgf18. Accordingly, knockdown or antibody neutralization of Fgf9/18 inhibits Msx1-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation. Mechanistically, we determined that the phosphorylation of Msx1 at Ser136 is critical for enhancing Fgf9 and Fgf18 expression and cell proliferation, and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) is apparently responsible for Ser136 phosphorylation. Furthermore, mesenchymal deletion of Msx1/2 results in decreased Fgf9 and Fgf18 expression and Erk1/2 phosphorylation, which leads to serious defects in limb development in mice. Collectively, our findings established an important function of the Msx1-Fgf-MAPK signaling axis in promoting cell proliferation, thus providing a new mechanistic insight into limb development.

/pdf/phosphorylation-of-msx1-promotes-cell-proliferation-through-1fjtavbhrk.pdf

Phosphorylation of Msx1 promotes cell proliferation through the Fgf9/18-MAPK signaling pathway during embryonic limb development.

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Antifouling Field‐Effect Transistor Sensing Interface Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks

Loss of homeoprotein Msx1 and Msx2 leading to athletic and kinematic impairment related to the increasing neural excitability of neurons in aberrant neocortex in mice.

Phosphorylation of Msx1 promotes cell proliferation through the Fgf9/18-MAPK signaling pathway during embryonic limb development.