The development of dielectric materials with low permittivity and low loss is a great challenge in J u s t A c c e p t e d wireless communication.In this study, LiLn(PO3)4 (Ln = La, Sm, Eu) ceramic systems were successfully prepared using the traditional solid-state method.X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the LiLn(PO3)4 ceramics crystallized in a monoclinic structure when sintered at 850-940 ℃.The characteristic peak shifted to high angles with variations in the Ln element, which was ascribed to a reduction in cell volume.Further analysis by structure refinement revealed that the reduction of cell volume resulted from the decline of chemical bond lengths and compression of [LiO4] and [PO4] tetrahedra.Remarkably, the LiLn(PO3)4 ceramic system displayed exceptional performances at low sintering temperatures (910-925 ℃), including high Q•f of 41,607-75,968 GHz, low f ranging from -19.64 to -47.49 ppm/℃, low εr between 5.04 and 5.26, and low density (3.04-3.26g/cm 3 ).The application of the Phillips-Van Vechten-Levine theory revealed that the increased Q•f value of the LiLn(PO3)4 systems can be attributed to the enhanced packing fraction, bond covalency, and lattice energy, and the stability of f was associated with the increase of bond energy.Furthermore, a microstrip patch antenna prototype using the LiEu(PO3)4 ceramics was fabricated.Measurement results demonstrated excellent antenna performances with a bandwidth of 360 MHz and a peak gain of 5.11 dB at a central frequency of 5.08 GHz.Therefore, the low εr LiLn(PO3)4 ceramic systems are promising candidates for microwave/millimeter-wave communication. 

Low permittivity LiLn(PO
 3)
 4 (Ln = La, Sm, Eu) dielectric ceramics for microwave/millimeter-wave communication

Design and fabrication of a C-band patch antenna using novel low permittivity SrGa2Si2O8 microwave dielectric ceramic

Microwave dielectric properties of ternary molybdate NaSrLn(MoO4)3 (Ln = Nd, Sm) ceramics for LTCC applications

Abstract Due to their responsiveness to modulation by external direct current fields, dielectric tunable materials are extensively utilized in integrated components, such as ferroelectric phase shifters. Barium strontium titanate ceramics have been considered the most potential tunable materials for a long time. However, the significant dielectric loss and high voltage drive have limited their further applications. Recently, Bi 6 Ti 5 WO 22 ceramic has regained attention for its high dielectric tunability with low loss. In this study, we judiciously introduce Nb 5+ with a larger ionic radius, replacing Ti 4+ and W 6+ . This successful substitution enables the modulation of the phase transition temperature of Bi 6 Ti 5 WO 22 ceramics to room temperature, resulting in superior tunable properties. Specifically, the 0.7Bi 6 Ti 5 WO 22 −0.3Bi 6 Ti 4 Nb 2 O 22 ceramics exhibit giant tunability (~75.6%) with ultralow loss (&lt;0.002) under a low electric field (1.5 kV/mm). This tunability is twice that of barium strontium titanate ceramics with a similar dielectric constant and only one-tenth of the loss. Neutron powder diffraction and transmission-electron-microscopy illustrate the nanodomains and micro-strains influenced by ion substitution. Density functional theory simulation calculations reveal the contribution of ion substitution to polarization. The research provides an ideal substitute for tunable material and a general strategy for adjusting phase transition temperature to improve dielectric properties. 

Giant dielectric tunability in ferroelectric ceramics with ultralow loss by ion substitution design

New ultra-low loss, temperature-stable composite ceramics, (1-x) Mg1.99Ga0.01Si0.99Al0.01O4-xCaTiO3, have been developed with a view to expanding the portfolio of low-cost, MW dielectrics available for 5 G/6 G telecommunications, currently dominated by 95 wt%MgTiO3-5 wt%CaTiO3, (Mg,Ca)TiO3 (relative permittivity, εr ∼ 21, quality factor, Q×f ∼ 56,000 GHz and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency, τf ∼ 0 ppm/°C). Compared with (Mg,Ca)TiO3, 89 wt%Mg1.99Ga0.01Si0.99Al0.01O4-11 wt%CaTiO3 ceramics are also temperature stable (τf = −2.72 ppm/°C) but have lower εr (∼8.55) and a higher Q×f (∼ 72,900 GHz @ 12 GHz and 80,900 GHz @ 26 GHz), better suited to the higher frequencies earmarked for 6 G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. To demonstrate its potential for 5 G/6 G telecommunications, a waveguide filter with novel negative coupling structure was fabricated based on simulated results. The filter had low insertion loss (0.43 dB) at the center frequency (4.8 GHz) and high selectivity with a roll-off rate of 576/375 dB/GHz. The S-parameters matched well at 25 °C and 85 °C, demonstrating that the filter had excellent temperature stability and was therefore suitable for future 5 G/6 G microwave and mm-wave communication devices. 

A high-performance, temperature-stable Mg1.99Ga0.01Si0.99Al0.01O4-CaTiO3 microwave dielectric ceramic and its 5G/6G waveguide filter

Ceramic/polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites show a wide range of applications and have attracted extensive interest in the scientific community due to their outstanding dielectric and mechanical characteristics. However, the interface connection between the ceramic and PEEK is a vital issue that must be addressed to improve their physical and electrical properties. In this work, the polyethersulfone resin (PES) was selected as interface modifier between barium strontium titanate (Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3, BST) and PEEK. Cold-pressing sintering was used to create BST/PEEK materials with superior dielectric frequency stability and dielectric tunability. The effects of PES content on the morphology and dielectric characteristics of PES modified BST/PEEK materials were investigated. The results showed PES could improve the dispersion of BST particles in polymer. The dielectric constant, dielectric tunability, and breakdown strength increased first, then reduced as PES content increased. The composite had the most homogeneous microstructure and the best dielectric properties when the PES content was 7.5 vol%. The frequency dispersion factor F(x) was much smaller than that of other ceramic/polymer composites reported. In addition, the dielectric tunability of the composites could reach a relatively high level (34.18%) while the dielectric constant was as low as 14. The dielectric tunable efficiency (TuE) was proposed to evaluate the property of low dielectric constant and high dielectric tunability under DC bias. The TuE of PES modified BST/PEEK composites show the highest value comparing with reported dielectric tunable composites. This research laid the path for the development of a novel ceramic/polymer composite with good interface bonding and high dielectric tunability. 

(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3/PEEK composites modified by polyethersulfone with low dielectric constant and high dielectric tunability under DC bias

In this work, Y2.95R0.05MgAl3SiO12 (R = Yb, Y, Dy, Eu, Sm) microwave single-phase dielectric ceramics were successfully prepared via a conventional ceramic sintering technology by doping a series of rare earth elements (Yb, Y, Dy, Eu, Sm) with different ionic radii for the first time. The effects of A-sites occupied by rare earth elements on the microwave dielectric properties of Y2.95R0.05MgAl3SiO12 were studied using crystal structure refinement, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), bond valence theory, P-V-L theory, and infrared reflection spectroscopy. It was found that the ionicity of the Y-O bond, the lattice energy, the bond energy, and the bond valance of the Al(Tet)-O bond had important effects on the microwave dielectric properties. Particularly, the optimum microwave dielectric properties, εr = 9.68, Q × f = 68,866 GHz, and τf = −35.8 ppm/°C, were obtained for Y2.95Dy0.05MgAl3SiO12 when sintered at 1575 °C for 6 h, displaying its potential for 5G communication.

/pdf/rare-earth-ion-doped-y2-95r0-05mgal3sio12-r-yb-y-dy-eu-sm-2nrm0zr1.pdf

Rare Earth Ion-Doped Y2.95R0.05MgAl3SiO12 (R = Yb, Y, Dy, Eu, Sm) Garnet-Type Microwave Ceramics for 5G Application

A new microwave dielectric composite ceramic (1-x) wt%LiMg0.9Zn0.06Ni0.04PO4-x wt%TiO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 18 wt%) was synthesized in the low sintering temperature range of 850 °C − 975 °C by the solid-state reaction method. The XRD diffractogram confirmed the coexistence of LiMg0.9Zn0.06Ni0.04PO4 and TiO2, and no second phase was detected. Due to their opposite τf values, the τf values of LiMg0.9Zn0.06Ni0.04PO4 solid solution ceramics were adjusted by adding different volume fractions of TiO2. The composite ceramic with x = 15 wt% sintered at 975 °C shows desirable microwave dielectric properties of εr∼10.30, Q×f ∼ 58,400 GHz (tan δ = 2.093 ×10−4), and τf ∼ + 4.04 ppm/ °C (at ∼12 GHz). Based on the 85 wt% LiMg0.9Zn0.06Ni0.04PO4-15 wt% TiO2 ceramics, a fourth order dielectric waveguide filter filled with composite ceramics is designed and packaged for the RF front-end of the China Mobile 5 G base station. The test results show that the center frequency of the filter is 4.65 GHz, the working bandwidth is 300 MHz, the filter has a good out of band rejection capability, and the insertion loss in band is 0.18 dB. Combined with the filter test data and material performance, the designed dielectric waveguide filter meets the communication requirements of the base station, and the higher Q×f microwave dielectric ceramic material can achieve low insertion loss and excellent frequency selection performance of the filter. 

High quality of LiMg0.9Zn0.06Ni0.04PO4-TiO2 microwave ceramic and its application for 5 G dielectric waveguide bandpass filter

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Papers

(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3/PEEK composites modified by polyethersulfone with low dielectric constant and high dielectric tunability under DC bias

Rare Earth Ion-Doped Y2.95R0.05MgAl3SiO12 (R = Yb, Y, Dy, Eu, Sm) Garnet-Type Microwave Ceramics for 5G Application

High quality of LiMg0.9Zn0.06Ni0.04PO4-TiO2 microwave ceramic and its application for 5 G dielectric waveguide bandpass filter