A review on chitosan-based flocculants and their applications in water treatment

Adsorption of organic pollutants by natural and modified clays: A comprehensive review

4-tert-Butylpyridine (TBP) has been an important component in hole transport layer for hybrid perovskite solar cells. However, our study shows that TBP can corrode the perovskite absorption layer (CH3NH3PbI3) and interfere with the stability of the solar cells. To address this problem, montmorillonite (MMT) was used to form a buffer layer on top of the hole transport layer. XRD results revealed that TBP was intercalated in the MMT structure and UV-vis spectroscopy analysis revealed that this structure could prevent the corrosion of the CH3NH3PbI3 layer. Moreover, the MMT buffer layer could limit charge recombination in the solar cells. A delayed corrosion led to an increased current density owing to enhanced absorption, while a reduced charge recombination led to an increased fill factor and open voltage circuit values. Consequently, the corresponding efficiency largely increased from 9.0% to 11.9%, with an improvement of 32.2%. Therefore, the application of MMT as a bifunctional buffer coating layer on the hole transport layer is a useful strategy for preparing highly efficient hybrid perovskite solar cells with anti-corrosion and delayed charge recombination properties.

Montmorillonite as bifunctional buffer layer material for hybrid perovskite solar cells with protection from corrosion and retarding recombination

Adsorption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products over metal-organic frameworks functionalized with hydroxyl groups: Quantitative analyses of H-bonding in adsorption

Adsorption as a technique is preferred to these other methods in the mitigation of methyl orange (MO) because of its simplicity in design and operation, indifferent sensitivity towards toxicants and low operational cost. This study is aimed at evaluating the performance of various adsorbent groups in the mitigation of MO from aqueous solutions. It will help reduce the arbitrary choice of adsorbent types for MO adsorption leading to a reduction in the amount of published literature with little/incremental contributions to the field. The study was based on an analysis of over 240 published works of literature on the subject within the last 5 years. The adsorbents were classified into the following seven groups based on their chemical composition; biosorbents, activated carbon, biochar, clays and minerals, polymers and resins, nanoparticles, and composites. In terms of frequency of utilisation of adsorbent group, composites were the most frequently used (>40%). It was observed that nanoparticles and polymers were the most frequently used constituents in the manufacture of composite adsorbents for MO. The choice of nanoparticles in composite adsorbents could be due to their flexibility in going into the matrices of other material types due to their small sizes. Polymers also act as good matrices for immobilising other composite constituents. Nanoparticles was the best adsorbent group for MO uptake. Clays and minerals had the greatest proportion of adsorbents with MO uptake capacity greater than the 1000 ​mg/g threshold.

Adsorption of methyl orange: A review on adsorbent performance

Rapid modification of montmorillonite with novel cationic Gemini surfactants and its adsorption for methyl orange

Microwave-assisted modification on montmorillonite with ester-containing Gemini surfactant and its adsorption behavior for triclosan

A novel promising polyampholyte, being water–soluble quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan (QCM–chitosan), can be prepared by grafting carboxymethyl groups and quaternary ammonium groups on chitosan. Traditionally, QCM–chitosan was obtained by a conventional heating method in organic solvent for a lengthy time. The present study was to prepare QCM–chitosan rapidly under microwave irradiation for 70 min; the whole preparation proceeded in water without any organic solvent. Firstly, chitosan was carboxymethylated, and sequentially carboxymethyl chitosan (CM-chitosan) was quaternized to obtain QCM–chitosan. QCM–chitosan's structure was characterized. GPC-LLS were used to analyze its weight – average molecular weight (Mw ), and the degree of substitution (DS) was determined by titration. The thermal stability of QCM–chitosan was measured by TGA. The results proved that QCM–chitosan was synthesized. The maximum degree of substitution (DS) of carboxymethyl groups and quaternary ammonium groups under the optimum re...

Microwave–Assisted Synthesis of Quaternized Carboxymethyl Chitosan in Aqueous Solution and its Thermal Behavior

Using microwave irradiation as an intercalation method, quaternized chitosan/ organo-montmorillonite (QCS/OMMT) nano- composites were prepared rapidly by intercalating quaternized chitosan (QCS) into the interlayer of organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) in 70 min. The structure and morphology of QCS/OMMT nanocomposites were characterized and their flocculation behavior was evalu- ated. FT-IR, XRD, TEM and zeta-potential results showed that QCS molecules and silicate layers of OMMT were connected by hydro- gen bonds and electrostatic interaction, and the interlayer distances of all QCS/OMMT nanocomposites obtained by this microwave irradiation method were larger than those obtained by the conventional heating method, the largest interlayer distance reached 4.24 nm when the weight ratio of QCS to OMMT was 2:1. TGA results suggested that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was higher than that of QCS. The flocculability of QCS/OMMT nanocomposites was evaluated by adding the nanocomposites into CaCO3 suspensions. Results showed that an optimum flocculability concentration of QCS/OMMT nanocomposites was only 0.005 mg/L, which was much lower than 15 mg/L of the common flocculant--cationic starch, indicating excellent flocculability of QCS/OMMT nanocomposites. In summary, microwave irradiation method was found to be a promising tool for preparing chitosan-based layered silicate nanocomposites, and the nanoocmposites showed excellent flocculating activity.

Microwave Irradiation – Assisted Synthesis and Flocculation Behavior of Quaternized Chitosan/Organo – Montmorillonite Nanocomposite

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Papers

Rapid modification of montmorillonite with novel cationic Gemini surfactants and its adsorption for methyl orange

Microwave-assisted modification on montmorillonite with ester-containing Gemini surfactant and its adsorption behavior for triclosan

Microwave–Assisted Synthesis of Quaternized Carboxymethyl Chitosan in Aqueous Solution and its Thermal Behavior

Microwave Irradiation – Assisted Synthesis and Flocculation Behavior of Quaternized Chitosan/Organo – Montmorillonite Nanocomposite