Water pollution poses health risks to humans and ecosystems, with long-term accumulation of tetracyclines causing toxicity, disrupting cartilage tissue, and drug resistance, while antibiotics affect plant hormones and microorganisms. Scientists are exploring high-performance materials for antibiotic degradation and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, using photocatalytic techniques as a cost-effective solution. In this study, ZnWO4/NiWO4 composite-based photocatalysts with varying mass ratios (from 10 % to 30 %) were successfully synthesized using hydrothermal and high-temperature calcination. The photocatalytic activity of the ZnWO4/NiWO4 nanocomposite first increases as the mass of NiWO4 increases and then declines progressively. Different techniques were used to characterize its morphological structure and optical characteristics. The photocatalytic activity of ZnWO4/NiWO4 was evaluated using tetracycline hydrochloride as a model pollutant. The study found that a 25 % ZnWO4/NiWO4 composite ratio yielded the highest photocatalytic activity. The degradation efficiency was enhanced to 90.7 % under exposing it to visible light for 2 h. This enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the S-scheme heterojunction formed by ZnWO4 and NiWO4, which promotes the separation of charge carriers. Remarkably 1 h of testing under simulated solar irradiation demonstrated that 25 % ZnWO4/NiWO4 exhibited a strong antibacterial effect. Finally, this study will lead to a method for fabricating eco-friendly nanomaterials for environmental remediation and antibacterial activities. 

Synthesis of ZnWO4/NiWO4 photocatalysts and their application in tetracycline hydrochloride degradation and antibacterial activities

Fruit freshness is strongly influenced by the storage environment (water, oxygen), cellular respiration and microorganisms. Applying a biomass-based coating onto fruit surface is a facile and sustainable method to effectively slow down the decay rate and extend the freshness period of fruit. Inspired by the asymmetric characteristics and functionalizations of Janus structure, we developed a facile strategy to fabricate Janus biopolymer composite coating by combining modified quaternized chitosan (QCS) with aldehyde carboxycellulose nanofibres (ACCNF). Through a simple layer-by-layer self-assembly process, a Janus QCS/ACCNF composite coating can be easily and conformally generated on different fruit, where the outer QCS layer with positively-charged quaternary ammonium groups acts as an antibacterial barrier to effectively inhibit the growth of various microorganisms while the inner ACCNF layer strongly adheres to fruit surfaces and provides buffering effect to reduce the damage to fruit during vibration and collision. Moreover, a dense QCS/ACCNF interfacial layer is formed between QCS and ACCNF layers through strong electrostatic interaction and Schiff base reaction. This interfacial layer not only further enhances the mechanical properties of the coating, but also reduces its water and oxygen permeation, thus effectively reducing the dehydration shrinkage and oxidative deterioration of the coated fruits. The fruit preservation experiments, using mango, banana and loquat as model fruits, demonstrated this Janus QCS/ACCNF coating could confer the coated fruit with excellent antibacterial and oxygen/water permeation properties and significantly extend the freshness period of these fruits by 5–10 days, exhibiting great potential for its practical applications in fruit preservation. 

Janus biopolymer nanocomposite coating with excellent antibacterial and water/oxygen barrier performance for fruit preservation

With the growing demand for extending the shelf-life of perishable goods such as fruits and vegetables, there is continued interest towards the development of edible coatings derived from natural sources. To avoid rapid dissolution, water insoluble polysaccharide such as chitosan has been widely explored. In this work, we developed robust hyaluronic acid-based edible polysaccharide-protein coatings by combining it (hyaluronic acid) with chitosan and gelatin to introduce additional antioxidant properties. This work is the first example of using hyaluronic acid in edible coatings for fruit preservation. The effect of developed edible composite coatings on the quality of coated strawberries was investigated over a 15 day storage period with 3-day examination intervals. The obtained results revealed hyaluronic acid dose-dependent improvement in intrinsic properties of coated strawberries including weight loss, pH, titratable acidity (TA) and total solids content (TSS). Furthermore, the inclusion of hyaluronic acid significantly enhanced the antioxidant properties of developed edible coatings as measured using total phenolic content, change in ascorbic acid content and DPPH assay prolonging the shelf-life of coated strawberries. 

Development of hyaluronic acid based polysaccharide-protein composite edible coatings for preservation of strawberry fruit.

Food packaging is an essential part of food transportation, storage and preservation. Biodegradable biopolymers are a significant direction for the future development of food packaging materials. As a natural biological polysaccharide, chitosan has been widely concerned by researchers in the field of food packaging due to its excellent film-forming property, good antibacterial property and designability. Thus, the application research of chitosan-based food packaging films, coatings and aerogels has been greatly developed. In this review, recent advances on chitosan-based food packaging materials are summarized. Firstly, the development background of chitosan-based packaging materials was described, and then chitosan itself was introduced. In addition, the design, preparation and applications of films, coatings and aerogels in chitosan-based packaging for food preservation were discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each research in the development of chitosan-based packaging materials were analyzed. Finally, the application prospects, challenges and suggestions for solving the problems of chitosan-based packaging are summarized and prospected. 

Degradable chitosan-based bioplastic packaging: Design, preparation and applications.

Anthocyanins are promising naturally occurring food preservatives for enhancing the quality of food products due to their excellent antioxidant properties. However, their low stability hinders their food packaging application. Here, we propose a facile strategy to achieve the improved stability of anthocyanins encapsulated in γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) with an in-depth exploration of their structure–property relationships. The adsorbed anthocyanins in CD-MOFs are stabilized by multiple cooperative non-covalent interactions including hydrogen bonding and van der Waals (vdW) interactions as demonstrated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and spectroscopy analysis. Particularly, by ion-exchange of acetate ions into the pores of CD-MOFs, the resulting CD-MOFs (CD-MOF_OAc) shows a higher anthocyanins adsorption rate with a maximum loading capacity of 83.7 % at 1 min. Besides, CD-MOF_OAc possesses the more effective protecting effect on anthocyanins with at least two-fold enhancement of stability in comparison of free anthocyanins under heating and light irradiation. The anthocyanins encapsulated CD-MOFs films for fruit freshness was validated by the Kyoho experiment. This novel encapsulation system provides a new possibility for the potential use of CD-MOFs as the encapsulating material for anthocyanins in fruit preservation. 

Enhanced stability of anthocyanins by cyclodextrin–metal organic frameworks: Encapsulation mechanism and application as protecting agent for grape preservation

Fruit rotting at the postharvest stage severely limits their marketing supply chains and shelf-life. Thus, developing a green and cost-effective approach to extend the shelf-life of perishable foods is highly desired. In this study, inspired by the mussel-adhesion strategy, a multifunctional fruit coating material has been developed using a quaternized catechol-functionalized chitosan (CQ-CS) grafted with 2, 3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and 3, 4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde. The as-prepared CQ-CS coating exhibited excellent mechanical properties, universal surface adhesion abilities, antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities without any potential toxicity effects. Using strawberry and banana as model fruits, we showed that the CQ-CS coating could effectively maintain the fruit's firmness and color, decrease the weight loss rate, and prevent microbial growth, thus finally extending their shelf- life when compared to uncoated samples, indicating the universal application of the as-prepared CQ-CS coating. These findings demonstrated that this novel conformal coating of CQ-CS has great potential for fruit preservation in the food industry. 

Development of mussel-inspired chitosan-derived edible coating for fruit preservation.

Microcapsules containing nepeta essential oil (NEO) are prepared by electro-atomization complex coacervation with sodium alginate and gelatin as wall materials. The effects of conditions such as sodium alginate solution concentration, core-to-wall ratio and emulsifier content on the release of essential oil and mosquito repellent properties of the microcapsules are studied. The microcapsules prepared under optimal preparation conditions have good performance and morphology, the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity being 86.65% and 13.93%, respectively. The prepared microcapsules have adequate morphological characteristics observed using scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectra and thermogravimetric analysis show that NEO is successfully loaded in the microcapsules, and the thermal stability of NEO is improved. In addition, the results of release and repellent tests show that the NEO in the microcapsules could achieve stable release within 15 days and maintain an avoidance rate above 80% within 48 h, indicating the potential application of the microcapsules in the field of mosquito repellents. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry. 

Mosquito Repellent microcapsules of Nepeta essential oil were prepared by electro‐atomization complex coacervation

This report was produced with help from faculty and students at CEPT University in Ahmdebad, as well as many other generous folks both here and abroad that have helped us immeasurably with their advice, insight and feedback along the way. To all, we extend our heartfelt gratitude.

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Thaltej Village: An Incremental Approach to Urban Encroachment

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Development of mussel-inspired chitosan-derived edible coating for fruit preservation.

Mosquito Repellent microcapsules of Nepeta essential oil were prepared by electro‐atomization complex coacervation

Thaltej Village: An Incremental Approach to Urban Encroachment