Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are representative of post-lithium-ion batteries with the great promise of increasing the energy density drastically by utilizing the low operating voltage and high specific capacity of metallic lithium. LMBs currently stand at a point of transition at which the accumulation of knowledge from fundamental research is being translated into large-scale commercialization. This review summarizes the available strategies for addressing the intrinsic shortcomings of LMBs, such as the suppression of dendritic growth and parasitic reactions from the material to the electrode to the cell level. The discussion pertaining to the cell level includes efforts and concerns relating to scaling up established knowledge and expertise with the view of commercialization. This article intends to encourage researchers in both fundamental research institutions and industry to make a synergistic effort and share their views comprehensively to ensure that LMB technology continues to evolve in harmony to become a mature technology. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Lithium Metal Batteries: From Fundamental Research to Industrialization.

The frequent safety accidents involving lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have aroused widespread concern around the world. The safety standards of LIBs are of great significance in promoting usage safety, but they need to be constantly upgraded with the advancements in battery technology and the extension of the application scenarios. This study comprehensively reviews the global safety standards and regulations of LIBs, including the status, characteristics, and application scope of each standard. A standardized test for thermal runaway triggering is also introduced. The recent fire accidents in electric vehicles and energy storage power stations are discussed in relation to the upgrading of the rational test standards. Finally, the following four suggestions for improving battery safety are proposed to optimize the safety standards: (1) early warning and cloud alarms for the battery’s thermal runaway; (2) an innovative structural design for a no-fire battery pack; (3) the design of a fire water injection interface for the battery pack; (4) the design of an immersive energy storage power station. This study provides insights for promoting the effectiveness of relevant safety standards for LIBs, thereby reducing the failure hazards.

/pdf/a-review-of-lithium-ion-battery-failure-hazards-test-uzp4iaqk.pdf

A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Failure Hazards: Test Standards, Accident Analysis, and Safety Suggestions

Solid-state Li-ion batteries employing a metallic lithium anode in conjunction with an inorganic solid electrolyte (ISE) are expected to offer superior energy density and cycle life. The realization of these metrics critically hinges on the simultaneous optimization of the ISE and the two electrode/electrolyte interfaces. In this Opinion article, we provide an overview of the materials and interfacial challenges that limit the performance of solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs). Owing to the importance of the Li/ISE interface, we dedicate a large section of this article to discuss the mechanistic aspects of lithium deposition at the Li/ISE interface. We further discuss a few recently proposed mechanisms that rationalize the growth of lithium through ISEs. We conclude our review with a brief discussion on the anode-free approach for fabricating SSLMBs where metallic lithium is generated in-situ from pre-lithiated cathodes. 

Solid state lithium metal batteries – Issues and challenges at the lithium-solid electrolyte interface

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are frequently employed in electric vehicles for their high energy density and lengthy cycle life. However, efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) is critical for ensuring the reliability, safety, and service life, as temperature greatly impacts their performance. The potential risks of battery fire and explosion under excessive temperatures necessitate the development of effective emergency management and technologies to maintain safe operation. Phase change material (PCM) which offers distinct advantages, including reasonable cost, low energy consumption, and excellent temperature uniformity, making it an attractive candidate for thermal management, has emerged as a promising solution for BTMS. This comprehensive review aims to shed light on PCM-based BTMS, and it is found that carbon-based additives are better than metal-based additives concerning density and stability, and the addition of polymers and nanomaterials can improve the structural stability and mechanical properties. However, the flammability of PCM exacerbates the fire risk and hazard of battery thermal runaway (TR), and this review also has a particular emphasis on enhancing PCM's flame retardant properties and exploring its applications in BTMS. Flame-retardant PCM can ensure the safety of LIB utilization process and has a promising application in suppressing TR. Moreover, there exists a prominent challenge of the comprehensive need for optimization of heat dissipation optimization and improvement of TR propagation suppression ability of PCM-based BTMS. Finally, the challenges and outlooks focus on the future PCM-based BTMS are disclosed, in the hope of bring new insights to building a synergistic BTMS. 

Research progress of enhancing battery safety with phase change materials

Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to be operated using a clean, renewable energy source. However, a major limitation is their relatively short vehicle driving range and the associated driver ‘range anxiety’. This research investigates the effect of gearing on energy consumption and driving range efficiency on an EV-converted Ford Focus using a chassis dynamometer in a controlled test environment in accordance with international standards. Two designs of the Ford Focus were used in the tests; one with an automatic gear drive, and the other with a manual gear drive. The electricity consumption of the two cars driving under different gearing configurations was measured under identical drive cycles. The vehicle range tests showed that measuring energy consumption on just two consecutive drive cycles on a calibrated chassis dynamometer will lead to a small overestimation of the energy consumption due to a ‘cold’ drive train. The results also suggest greater attention needs to be paid to EV battery charger efficiency, particularly in terms of standby energy consumption, which can increase the total energy required for EV owners markedly.

Testing energy efficiency and driving range of electric vehicles in relation to gear selection

The safety of electric vehicles (EVs) has aroused widespread concern and attention. As the core component of an EV, the power battery directly affects the performance and safety. In order to improve the safety of power batteries, the internal failure mechanism and behavior characteristics of internal short circuit (ISC) and thermal runaway (TR) in extreme cases need to be tested and studied. The safety of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has become a research hotspot for many scholars. With unreasonable misuse or abuse of lithium ion batteries, it is easy to cause internal short circuits, resulting in thermal runaway, which poses a great threat to the safety of the whole vehicle. This comprehensive review aims to describe the research progress of safety testing methods and technologies of lithium ion batteries under conditions of mechanical, electrical, and thermal abuse, and presents existing problems and future research directions.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/18/4636/pdf

Detection Technology for Battery Safety in Electric Vehicles: A Review

Wetlands contain a large number of spontaneous plants, and the ecological value of such plants should not be underestimated. However, the influence of the surrounding environment on the composition of spontaneous plants in wetlands is still unclear. Hangzhou Jiangyangfan Ecological Park, built more than 20 years ago, is the first ecological park in China based on the “wild state” concept. The wetland in the park was taken as a study case, and we investigated some of the ecological factors affecting the diversity and distribution pattern of spontaneous plants in wetland habitats after natural succession. A total of 100 species of spontaneous plants were recorded, belonging to 93 genera and 48 families, with native species accounting for approximately 78% of the total. We found significant differences in the species diversity and distribution patterns of spontaneous plants in different habitats and microhabitats. According to the biological characteristics of spontaneous plants, the fruit types were mostly achenes and capsules, and the seed dispersal mode was mainly animal dispersal. Different fruit types and dispersal modes affected the composition and distribution of spontaneous plants. In terms of environmental factors, the water depth and slope aspect were the key factors determining the diversity and distribution pattern of spontaneous plants. It was also found that the clustering degree of cultivated plants had an effect on the composition of spontaneous plants. To form a more natural wetland landscape, it is necessary to provide a variety of growing environments for spontaneous plants. We suggest allocating appropriate habitat types in wetlands and reducing human intervention to increase biodiversity.

/pdf/distribution-pattern-and-factors-influencing-spontaneous-1gsk6i3j.pdf

Distribution Pattern and Factors Influencing Spontaneous Plant Diversity in Different Wetland Habitats

https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000031593

Value of subcarinal lymph node dissection in esophageal cancer surgery: A case-control study

Supplemental parenteral nutrition improves patient outcomes after esophageal cancer surgery: A single-center randomized controlled study

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in aging and cancer, yet there is currently a lack of research utilizing machine learning models to examine the relationship between oxidative stress and prognosis in elderly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.This study included elderly NSCLC patients who underwent radical lung cancer resection from January 2012 to April 2018, exploring the relationship between Oxidative Stress Score (OSS) and prognosis. Machine learning techniques, including Decision Trees (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were employed to develop predictive models for 5-year overall survival (OS).The datasets consisted of 1647 patients in the training set, 705 in the internal validation set, and 516 in the external validation set. An OSS was formulated from six systemic oxidative stress biomarkers, such as albumin, total bilirubin, and blood urea nitrogen, among others. Boruta variable importance analysis identified low OSS as a key indicator of poor prognosis. The OSS was subsequently integrated into the DT, RF, and SVM models for training. These models, optimized through hyperparameter tuning on the training set, were then evaluated on the internal and external validation sets. The RF model demonstrated the highest predictive performance, with an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) of 0.794 in the internal validation set, compared to AUCs of 0.711 and 0.760 for the DT and SVM models, respectively. Similarly, in the external validation set, the RF model achieved an AUC of 0.784, outperforming the DT and SVM models, which had AUCs of 0.699 and 0.730, respectively. Calibration plots confirmed the RF model’s superior calibration, followed by the SVM model, with the DT model performing the poorest.The OSS-based clinical prediction model, constructed using machine learning methodologies, effectively predicts the prognosis of elderly NSCLC patients post-radical surgery.

Machine learning-based prediction of 5-year survival in elderly NSCLC patients using oxidative stress markers

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